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1
JOURNAL
OF THE
NEW YORK
ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY
Beboteti to (Kntomologg in (ffienetal.
Volt:Lme IV, 1896
Edited by Wm. Beutenmuller,
NEW YORK.
Published for the Society
Quarterly.
1896.
Contents of Volume IV.
Banks, Nathan,
New California Spiders, . . . . . . .88
Additions to the List of Long Island Spiders, . . 190
A New Species of Gomphus, . . . . . -193
Beutenmuller, William,
Food-Habits of North American Cerambycidse, . . 73 Description of a New Moth, . . . . . -149
COCKERELL, T, D. A.,
Diabrotica in New Mexico, . . . . . .200
New Species of Insects taken on a trip from Mesilla Valley to the Sacramento Mountains, New Mexico, . . .201
Davis, William T. ,
The Dog's Head Butterfly on Staten Island, . . . 200
Dyar, Harrison G., and Miss Emily Morton,
The Life-Histories of the New York Slug Caterpillars. — II, i
Dyar, Harrison G.,
A New Gloveria, ........ 22
On the Probable Origin of the Pericopidae : Composia
fidelissima, ........ 68
The Larva of Syntomeida epilais, . . . . 72
Note on the Head Setae of Lepidopterous Larvae, with special reference to the appendages of Perophora melshei-
meri, ......... 92
The Life-History of the Florida form of Euclea delphinii, . 125 Description of two Noctuid Larvae, . . . .145
Life-Histories of the New York Slug Caterpillars. — III-VI, 167
A New Anisota, 166
Fox, William J.,
Synopsis of the Species of the Nysson, inhabiting America, North of Mexico, 10
iv Contents.
Grote, a, Radcliffe,
Note on the Geographical Distribution and Mimicry of Apatela, ......... 8i
Correction of the Type of Agronoma and Note on Laspeyria, 85 Note on Samia californica, ...... 201
Linell, Martin L.,
A Short Review of the Chrysomelas of North America . 195
Morse, Albert P.,
Some Notes on Locust Stridulation, . . . . .16
Both Sides of Butterflies, ...... 20
Illustrations of North American Tettiginse, . . -49
Packard, A. S.,
Literature on Defensive or Repugnatorial Glands of Insects, 26 The Phosphorescent Organs of Insects, . . . . 61
Desiderata of North American Notodontidre, . . .94 Notes on the Transformations of Higher Hymenoptera. — I, 155
ScHAUs, William,
New Species of Heterocera . . . . . 51, 130 New Species of Heterocera from Tropical America, . 147
Scudder, Samuel H,,
The North American Species of Nemobius, . . -99 Skinner, Henry,
Impressions received from a study of our North American Rhopalocera, . . . . . . . .107
Slosson, Mrs. Annie Trumbull,
Note on Ensemia crassinervella (Mieza igninix), . .86
Webster, F. M.,
The Probable Origin and Diffusion of Nortli American Species of the Genus Diabrotica. — II, . . . 67
WiCKHAM, H. F.,
Preliminary Hand-Book of the Coleoptera of Northeastern
America (continued from Vol. Ill, p. 180), . . -33
Description of the Larvas of some Heteromerous and Rhyn-
chophorus Beetles, 118
Proceedings of the New York Entomological Society, . 50, 95, 207
JOURNAL
OF THE
J}f\a Idoph 6!nkinoIogirflI ^oriFl^g.
Vol. IV. MARCH, 1896. No. 1.
• . ^ /
THE LIFE-HISTORIES OF THE NEW YORK SLUG CATERPILLARS.— II.
PLATE I, FIGS. 1-24.
By Harrison G. Dyar, A. M., Ph. D. and Miss Emily L. Morton.
Sibine stimulea Clemens.
i860. — Empretia stiiiiiilea Clemens, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. XII, 158.
1862. — Empretia stimulea MoRRis, Synop. Lep. 130.
1864. — Empretia stimulea Packard, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phila. Ill, 340.
1869. — Lit/iacodes ephippiattis Harris, Corresp. p. 361, pi. i, fig. 7.
1890. — Empretia stimulea Packard, 5th Rept. U. S. Ent. Com. 147.
1892. — Empretia stimulea Kirby, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het. I, 539.
1892. — Sibine ephippiatus KiRBY, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het. I, 540,
1894. — Sibine stimulea Neumoegen and Dyar, Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc. 11,72.
Larva.
i860. — Clemens, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 159.
1869. — Harris, Corresp. p. 175, pi. 2, figs. 10, 11.
1869. — Packard, Guide Stud. Ins. 289.
1876. — Wetherby, Cincin. Journ. Sci. II, 369.
1877.— French, Trans. Dept. Agr. 111. XV, 187.
1883. — Saunders, Ins. Inj. Fruits, 113.
1885. — Hubbard, Ins. Aff. Orange, 142.
1888.— Beutenmuller, Ent. Amer. IV, 75 (Food Plants).
1890.— Packard, 5th Rept. U. S. Ent. Comm. p. 146, fig. 50; p. 424 (Food
Plants). 1893.— Packard, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. XXXI, 85, pi. I, figs. 1-3 (egg
larval stages). 1894. — Dyar, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. VIII, 216. 1895. — Comstock, Manual Stud. Ins. 225, fig. 246.
2 Journal New York Entomological Society. [VoL iv.
Special Structural Characters.
Dorsal and lateral spaces broad, subventral space narrow, con- tracted. Ridges very slight, the subdorsal indicated only by the change in direction in the slope of the body, lateral and subventral ridges more distinct, approximate. The ancestral warts converted into fleshy horn-like processes, unequally elongated ; in stage I bearing a few slender setae (Plate I, fig. i); after the first molt, the subdorsal and lateral rows covered with numerous urticating spines, the subventral row rudimentary, represented by two weak setae. Of the subdorsal row, the " horns" on joints 3 to 5 and 11 to 13 are distinct, those on joints 6 to 10 rudimentary, but a seta is present even in the last stage. Of the lateral row, the one on joint 5 is absent.
Depressed areas very feebly developed, only their glandular cen- ters distinguishable as slight pits, partially free from skin spines ; the dorsal row (i) consequently paired, the addorsal row (2) still slighter, only distinguishable on certain segments or at favorable times, such as just before a molt. Of the lateral rows, the lateral (4) and lower inter- segmental lateral (6) can be made out as slight pits. No others visible. In the contracted subventral space, the two large rows (7 and 8) appear as faint glandular dots, nearly in line. Skin at first smooth, in the later stages finely spinulose.
At the last molt, besides certain changes in color, the length of the "horns" is markedly reduced and their skin-spines shortened. Certain highly modified, easily detachable skin-spines appear, the shorter ones, designated "caltropes" by Dr. Packard, occur in patches at the ends of the horns of the lateral row on joints 6 to 1 1 ; the long ones arise from four circular areas of the skin at the posterior end of the body between the terminal horns, and correspond to the caltrope patches of the lateral horn of joint 12 and the subdorsal one of joint 13, which bear the true caltropes in the lower forms of our "larvte of type 2."
The coloration is bright and conspicuous, being probably of a warning nature connected with the defensive armor. It is of a peculiar and striking pattern, which doubtless aids in the effect produced.
The larva is a generalized one in the slight degree of retraction of joint 2; the presence of many-spined warts; the slightly marked ridges and poorly developed skin structure. It is specialized in the unequal degree of prolongation of the warts on the several segments, the wart of the lateral row on joint 5 being entirely suppressed, while the spir- acle on that segment is moved up out of line with the others; in the
March, 1S96.] DvAR AND Morton, New York Slug Caterpillars. 3
conversion of the primitive setae into urticating spines on the two upper rows of warts and in the development of certain detachable specialized skin spines in the last stage.*
Affinities, Habits, Etc.
The genus Sibine contains but one species in North America, north of Mexico, though represented by several in Central and South America, with most interesting larvae, to judge by Sepp's figures. Our larva is nearly allied to Eiiclea, Adoneta and Parasa, possessing in common with them most of the special structural characters de- scribed above. It is the most specialized larva of its group («• type 2"). This is one of our most common species of Eucleidffi, and has a wide range of food plants; basswood, cherry, chestnut, oak, corn leaves and Caiina indica being a few among its many favorites. The young larvae feed indifferently on the upper or underside of the leaf, consuming all but a thin skin, and Vi\\\\\.& y-inversa, feeding around themselves, leav- ing irregular patches on the surface where they have fed (Plate I, fig. 21) until they reach the third stage, when the whole leaf is devoured in large holes, either on the edge or in the body of the leaf.
The species is single brooded, the moths (Plate I, fig. 15) appear- ing in July. The males fly, seeking their mates in the early twilight, and on favorable nights (warm and damp with a slight breeze) come in swarms to the cages, their wings fluttering and dancing rapidly over the surface of the gauze wire, where the females are confined, or dart- ing in circles about the cages seeking an entrance. The couples remain paired usually until the same hour the next evening, though occasion- ally they separate earlier. The females lay their eggs during the night, in patches of from thirty to fifty, on the upper side of the leaf. The eggs hatch in ten days, but the larvae develop slowly, maturing in Sep- tember or even not until October. The larva of stimuka is well known for its stinging properties; the nettle-like spines being capable of inflict-
*We conceive the "caltropes" (Plate I, fig. 5) to be modified skin spines and the long spines (Plate I, fig. 7) to be modified " caltropes." We trace the following series. In Euclea in deter mitia there are no detachable spine patches, but only "caltropes." E. pcemdata {elliotii) has one pair of patches; E. delphinii two pairs, but smaller and less developed than in Sibine. The spines also are smaller and have a swollen base, looking like elongate " caltropes." We expect to figure them when we reach Euclea. The caltropes are about the same size in all (0.068 mm. ), but the spines becor.^e larger as they are belter developed. In pcznti- lata their length is 0.28 mm.; m delphinii, 0.56 mm. and in stimulea 0.89.
4 JOURNAL New York Entomological Society. [Voi. iv.
ing quite a severe pain and retaining this power even when spun into the cocoon.
Criticisms of Previous Descriptions.
We have given a list of eleven descriptions or figures of this larva. All but one of them treat of the general characters of the larva, prin- cipally the mature larva. Harris' figures are probably the best, though far from exact. Dr. A. S. Packard in 1893 gave the first account of the life history, though but partially, with figures of structural details. His figure of stage I is incorrect in two respects. He represents three rows of tubercles on joints 3 to 5, where there are but two, and shows the spiracle on joint 5 in line with the others with a tubercle above it, whereas there is really no tubercle there and the spiracle is not in line (compare our figure, Plate I, fig. i). Dr. Packard has well figured the principal other structural elements except the long detachable spines (Plate I, fig. 7). These are one of the most noticeable elements; but we have seen no exact published account of them. Harris calls them "deep purplish red, velvet-like spots;" Packard mentions them as "a pair of rust brown flattened branches of singular spinules " and Dyar refers briefly to an " elevated brown structure like many spines close to- gether " in his general description of the mature larva. The Rev. J. L. Zabriskie has exhibited preparations of these spines to the New York Entomological Society, but the minutes of the meeting have not been published.
Dr. Packard describes the several stages as if there were but five. He appears to have had stage I, stage IV toward the end of the stage, stage V (described twice) and stage VIII, the last ; but he has num- bered them consecutively.
Mr. Dyar, in his description of the mature larva, has referred, by error> the last two horns of the subdorsal row to the lateral row, which causes him to speak of "an extra pair at the anus" and to locate the spine patches wrongly.
Description of the Several Stages in Detail.
Egg. — (Plate I, fig. 20). Elliptical, very flat, almost as thin as paper, thin shelled, laid in a mass of fifty or more, imbricate in alterna- ting rows like shingles on a roof, neatly and regularly set. Transparent, yellowish, clear, the shell covered with neat irregularly hexagonal, pentagonal or even quadrangular reticulate opaque lines ; rarely one of these cell areas is circular. The lines are narrow, not perceptibly
March, 1S96,] DyAR AND MORTON, NeW YoRK SlUG CATERPILLARS. 5
raised, but very distinct. Surface smooth and level, or a little grooved longitudinally from shrinking. Dimensions 1.8 x 1.2 x o.i mm.
The embryo lies curled on its side, the head and tail touching, greatly flattened laterally. Before hatching it shortens and thickens, the egg swells up so as to be much higher than before and the larva emerges through a small hole which it eats in the shell.
Shige I. — (Plate I, fig. i). Shape essentially as in the mature larva. The horns only grow a little after hatching, being distinct before. Tubercles of the subdorsal row (tubercles i+ii), of lateral row (iii), each with three setae, all raised on conical projections of the body (Plate I, fig. 3) forming horns; those on joints 3, 4, 5, 11 and 12 of the sub- dorsal row about twice as long as the others. Lateral row on joints 3, 4, 6, to 12, subequal. Subventral row represented by small setse. Joint 2 not retracted below joint 3 even when walking, seiiferous. Cuticle smooth, without spines. Color entirely light yellow, without marks, the horns a little whitish. Head concolorous with the body, clear yel- low; ocelli brown ; width .3 mm. (calculated .25 mm.). Length on hatching 1.3 mm.
The larvae do not feed in this stage, but after hatching and eating a portion of the shell become quiescent and molt in two days.
Stage II. — Horns densely spined with many sharp stiff bristles, as in the mature larva (Plate I, fig. 4). The subdorsal on joints 3 to 5, 1 1 and 1 2 longer than the others, but rather shorter conic than before ; joints 6 to 10 with only one or two short setae, the tubercles rudimen- tary. Lateral row moderately developed on joints 3 and 4, smaller on joints 6 to 12, the spines less numerous than on the subdorsal horns, some of them hair-like. Spiracles moderately distinct, arranged as in the figure of stage 1. Color whitish yellow without marks. Segments distinct, skin smooth, with just an indication of granulations.' Magni- fied 350 diameters, this appears as an irregular puncturing or confused shagreen of the surface, but indistinct. Joint 2, as in the previous stage. Head pale yellow, ocelli black, mouth brown ; width .4 mm. (calculated .35 mm.). Cervical shield is distinct, dark, bisected, level with the skin. Toward the end of the stage, a whitish line appears along the subdorsal ridge, defined by black dots inwardly and a black line out- wardly on joints 6 to 10; the horns become shaded with blackish, and the space between them crossed by transverse lines. Length of the larva, 1.3 to 2 mm.
Stage III — (Plate I, fig. 2, diagram of the markings). Elliptical, highest through joints 4 and 5, diminishing posteriorly; ridges not
6 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. iv.
sharp, all rounded ; subdorsal processes fleshy, hornlike, those on joints 3, 4, 5, 1 1 and 12 long, densely spined, on joints 7, 8 and 9 very short, consisting of a wart with three or four spines, rudimentary on joints 6 and 10, short on joint 13. Lateral row on joints 3, 4, 6 to 12, mode- rate, spined, those on joints 3 and 4 slightly larger than the others ; on joint 13 a few spines. Subventral edge scarcely ridged, setiferous. Skin closely covered with minute spinulose granules, close set, without tubercular bases, a little sunken in places corresponding to the usual de- pressed areas, especially in the dorsal intersegmental ones, but obscurely, and the areas are scarcely distinguishable. The color is subject to some variation in different examples. When well developed, the color is light green, the horns translucent whitish, except the subdorsal on joint 4 which has a faint vinous tinge, on joint 5 dark purplish vinous, and on joint II pale purple. A waved black subdorsal line, the pair connected by shaded streaks over the dorsum on joints 3, 4, 5 and 11, about two on each segment, leaving square or rounded patches of the ground color between the pairs of horns, that on joint 5 distinctly round. Subdorsal band broken on joints 6 to 10 (Plate I, fig. 2) and on joints 7 to 9 bordered above by a white band, the dorsal space here filled in with a blackish shade, which forms an elongated patch. Posterior end of the body and lateral region immaculate. Head green, shaded with brownish below, eyes black ; width .5 mm. Length of the larva 2 to 3 mm.
S/a^e IV. — Essentially as before, the markings better defined. Dorsal intersegmental depressions small, paired, or single next to the large horns, at the base of which is indicated a paired addorsal seg- mental row. Horns of both rows on joints 3 and 4 pale flesh pink, the subdorsal on joints 5 and 11 purple, on joint 12 yellowish, the rest nearly colorless. Dorsal and lateral region of joints 3 to 5 and dorsal region of joint 1 1 purple, except the small paired greenish impressed spots and an unpaired median oval yellow one on joints 5 and 11. Dorsal patch on joints 7 to 9 blackish, bordered with white at the sides and below by a waved line. This white and black marking is repeated around the rudimental subdorsal tubercle on joints 6 and 10, closely approximated to the adjacent large horn. Ground color of the dorsum green, replaced by yellow on joints 5, 6, 10 and 11; lateral region whitish. An elliptical white spot subdorsally between the horns of joints II and 12. The spines on the horns and skin spinules essentially as in the mature larva, the latter passing on to the horns where they be- come elongated into short spines. Width of the head .7 mm. (calcu- lated .72 mm.). Length of the larva 3 to 5.5 mm.
March, 1S96.] DyAR AND MORTON, New YoRK SlUG CATERPILLARS. T
Stage V. — Horns shorter than before at first, but they grow consider- ably during the stage, spines longer; the rudimentary horns on joints 6 to 10 smaller. Armature essentially as before. Color essentially the same. Horns on joints 3 and 4 flesh-colored, subdorsal on joints 5 and II dark purple brown, this color covering joints 3 to 5 as far as the lateral horns and joint 1 1 below the subdorsal horn and the dorsal patch on joints 7 to 9, which is bordered as before. A yellow dorsal spot be- tween joints 6 and 7, and 9 and 10 ; a distinct round yellow dorsal spot on joints 5 and 12, a white subdorsal patch on joint 12 as before. The rest of the dorsal and lateral areas bright yellowish green, the lateral ridge and subventral area colorless. Two intersegmental lateral depres- sions can now be distinguished beside the dorsal ones. Subdorsal horns on joints 12 and 13 colorless like the lateral ones, above which a straight white line is separated from the green lateral area by a dark transparent line. A faint white line on the subventral ridge. Width of the head i mm.; length of the larva 5.5 to 9.5 mm.
Stas^e VI. — (Plate I, figs. 17 and 18). Similar to the preceding. Patches over the large horns and adjacent, brown, shading darker at the edges; the anterior one covering the lateral horns, the posterior the subdorsal horns on joint 1 1 and surrounding the white patch between joints II and 12 ; a small dorsal linear spot on joint 4, a round one on joints 5 and 11, yellow. Green dorsal blanket- like patch reaches to the lateral horns extending over joints 6 to 10 and running back laterally beneath the subdorsal horns to end in a point on joint 12. It is edged with black and white in the following manner : A subdorsal crimson brown dash on joints 6 and 10, a dusky band above the lateral horn ; central elliptical patch crimson brown, blackish at the edge, then crim- son, bordered with white and laterally by a crimson brown line. Be- tween the subdorsal horns of joints 1 1 and 12a large rounded pentag- onal white spot. Horns on joints 3 and 4 fleshy brown, the subdorsal on joints 5 and 11 purplish brown, 3.5 to 6 mm. long, the rest colorless. Body rounded rectangular in dorsal aspect, the ends larger than the middle; subdorsal ridge evenly rounded over, lateral ridge prominent, subventral space very small, colorless, a white line along the subventral edge. Depressed areas very small, forming slight hollows, the dorsal and two lateral intersegmental rows present, the rest not distinguish- able. Skin smooth to the naked eye, under a strong lens seen to be densely covered with pointed conical skin spines, dark or colorless ac- cording to the ground color, elongated on the horns. Spines stiff, straight and smooth, black tipped, reddish on the long horns, colorless
8 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. iv.
on the short ones. Width of the head 1.4 mm. (calculated 1.47). Length of the larva 9.5 to 13 mm.
Stage VII. — As in the preceding stage. Stage VII differs from the last stage (VIII) as follows : The horns are longer (compare figs. 10 and 9 ) and their skin spines shorter (Plate i, figs. 22 and 13). The purple brown color is less extensive, being absent from the subventral area and the posterior end of the body, confined to the regions described above, and its tint is rather paler. The patches of " caltrope" spines are present, but smaller than in the last stage and there are no tufts of detachable spines. The long horns grow from 3.5 mm. to 5.8 mm. during the stage and are suddenly shortened to about 2 mm. at the last molt. Width of the head 2 mm. \ length of the larva 13 to 18 mm.
Stage VIII. — (Plate I, fig. 16). Head beneath joint 2, but 2 not beneath 3 ; joints 3 and 4 somewhat folded. Dorsum rises nearly per- pendicularly in front, rounds over at joint 5, slopes gently and slightly to joint II, and is then nearly perpendicular to the anus. No subdorsal ridge, the body evenly rounded, the sides almost perpendicular. On joints 3, 4, 5 and 11 a pair of suborsal fleshy processes, furnished with long stiff spines, salmon colored with black tip (Plate I, fig. 4) ; among them a very few spatulate setae (Plate I, fig. 14). The processes on joints 3 and 4 are short, those on joints 5 and 11 long (2 to 3.5 mui.), on joint 12 small and still smaller on joint 13. A similar lateral row on joints 3, 4, 6 to 12, all short. On joint 12, above the lateral process, and on 13 anterior to it, is an elevated velvety brown spot, composed of closely set, detachable spines (Plate I, figs. 7, 23 and 24; fig. 8 shows the appearance of the skin after these spines are detached). These spines have a pale yellowish shaft and brown-black tip. Body smooth to the naked eye, under a lens finely spinulose (Plate I, figs. 11, 12 and 13) with paired dorsal and two lateral rows of intersegmental shallow pale-colored pits. Color dark purplish vinous ; a pale yellow, elliptical spot dorsally on joints 5 and 1 1 , edged with blackish ; a much larger similarly colored one on each side subdorsally behind the large horn on joint II ; a large bright green patch covers the back and sides of joints 6 to 10 like a blanket, extending on joints 11 and 12 laterally, and leaving an elliptical patch of the ground color dorsally on joints 7 to 9 like a hole in the blanket. The blanket patch is narrowly edged with black and broadly with white. Head pale greenish, eyes black, mouth brown ; width 3 mm. The anterior edge of joint 2 bears many setae, and there is a group of them before the spiracle. Cervical shield a skinny area with a few punctures on its anterior border, square behind,
March, iS96 ] DyAR AND MORTON, NeW YoRK SlUG CATERPILLARS. 9
the anterior corners cut off, 2 mm. wide. A fold runs across joint 2 obliquely from the anterior corner of the cervical shield backward above the spiracle. Two hairs subventrally (iv + v) on every segment except joint 2. Thoracic feet small, colorless, with a terminal brown claw. About eight setae on the suranal lobe and seven on each paranal lobe, the latter not different from those just assigned to the subventral row. Subdorsal tubercules represented by tiny spines on joints 6 to 10, as in the previous stage. On the upper side of the lateral horns on joints 6 to II, near the tip, are a series of patches of minute detachable spines, designated '^caltropes" by Dr. Packard. (Plate I, fig. 5.) A few are also found among the detachable spines at the end of the body, but of a somewhat different shape. (Plate I, fig. 6.) The length of the^e "caltropes" is about .07 mm. Length of the larva 16 to 23 mm. Cocoon. — (Plate I, fig. 19). With the characters of the group.
EXI'LANATION OF PlATE I.
{Sibine stimulea. )
1. Larva in stage I, enlarged.
2. End of stage III, a diagram showing the genesis of the markings of the central
dorsal area.
3. A horn of stage I, 175 diameters.
4. A permanent spine (seta) of a long horn X 50-
5. A " caltrope " from a lateral horn X I75-
6. A " caltrope " from among the detachable spines X I75-
7. A detachable spine X S^-
8. Skin after the removal of the detachable spines X I7S-
9. Diagram of front view of larva, stage VIII.
10. Diagram of front view of larva, stage VII.
11. A seta of the rudimentary subdorsal horn of joint 8 with the adjacent skin spines
X50-
12. The same region X 175> showing the skin spines enlarged.
13. The skin spines on a horn X 'TS-
14. A solitary spatulate seta from the end of the subdorsal horn of joint 5 X I75-
15. Sibifte stimulea.
16. Mature larva.
17. Larva stage VI, natural size.
18. The same, dorsal view.
19. Cocoon.
20. A group of eggs as laid on the leaf.
21. Feeding traces of the larva at the first period of eating.
22. The skin spines on a horn, penultimate stage X 175-
23. 24. Base and apex X '75 of the spine shown in fig. 7. Figures 15 to 21 by Miss Morton, the rest by Dr. Dyar.
10 Journal New York Entomological Society, [Voi. iv.
SYNOPSIS OF THE SPECIES OF NYSSON INHABIT- ING AMERICA, NORTH OF MEXICO.
By William J. Fox.
Handlirsch's monograph of this genus is, unfortunately, as far as the American species are concerned, not as complete as his papers on the allied genera. This is accounted for by the scarcity of American material at his command, he having had but eight of the twenty-one species then known from this region, two of which were described by him for the first time. This lack of material probably accounts for the absence from his paper of synoptic tables of our species; and it is hoped the present paper will remedy this want. To be sure, our species were tabulated by Cresson in 1882, but as our knowledge of characters, both specific and sectional, has been increased since then, the present paper can hardly be considered superfluous.
The Tribe Nyssonini consists of the genera Alyson, Didineis and Nysson, of which the two former were tabulated in 1894 *
Females.
1. Hind tibiae more or less serrated 2
Hind libiffi not serrated 4
2. Metanotum (postscutellum) bilobate ; size rather large; abdomen black, with
yellowish maculations 3
Metanotum without lobes ; size small ; first two segments of abdomen red.
solani.
3. Legs red texanus.
Legs black f uscipes.
4. Submedian (anal) cell of hind wings terminating somewhat beyond, or at the
origin of the cubital vein 5
Submedian cell of hind wings terminating before the origin of the cubital vein II
5. Scutellum margined, though not strongly, at the sides, covered with large,
sparse, shallow punctures (spots on first abdominal segment largest) 6
Scutellum not margined at the sides, strongly, and usually closely punctured. 8
6. Second ventral segment at the base truncate, viewed from the side almost form-
ing a right angle spinosus.
Second ventral segment otherwise formed 7
7. Pygidial area broad, subtruncate at tip, with large, somewhat confluent punc-
tures; lateral spots of first dorsal segment covering almost the entire seg- ment plagiatus.
* Entomological News, VH.
March, 1896.] FoX, NORTH AMERICAN SpECIES OF NVSSON. 11
Pygidial area narrower, rounded at tip, longitudinally rugoso-punctate ; lateral spots of first dorsal segment confined to apical portion of the segment, transverse squalls
8. Clypeus bituberculate at apex ; punctuation of the head and thorax very coarse,
almost rugose (medial and hind femora more or less red) . . . .compactus. Clypeus not tuberculate ; punctuation strong, but rather close and not rugose. 9
9. Abdomen not at all red 10
Abdomen with the two basal segments more or less reddish (punctuation of head
and thorax very close, appearing granular ; punctuation of abdomen subtile).
rusticus.
10. Punctuation of head and dorsulum distinctly separated, that of the abdomen
strong and very distinct . lateralis.—"
Punctuation of head and dorsulum, particularly the former, very close, that of abdomen rather subtile, most distinct on first segment fidells.
1 1. Scutellum distinctly margined laterally 12
Scutellum not margined laterally 15
1 2. Abdomen not at all reddish I3
Abdomen reddish basally 14
13. Basal enclosure of middle-segment with coarse, irregular ridges, thereby mak-
ing the enclosure reticulate ; abdominal punctures strong, but not very deep.
opulentus. ^ Basal enclosure of middle-segment with the ridges regular, longitudinal on basal two-thirds, then oblique; abdominal punctures deep melllpes.
14. Scutellum coariely rugoso-punctate ; wings clear; a yellow line on pronotum
and scutellum bellus.
Scutellum with coarse, longitudinal folds ; wings subfuscous; no yellow on pro- notum or scutellum (punctuation of head and dorsulum unusually coarse).
basilarls.
15. Black, with pale markings; a divided tubercle between the ocelli; punctuation
of head and thorax strong and separated albomarginatus." "
Black, with abdomen red; space between ocelli not tuberculate ; punctuation of head and thorax very close and rather fine bicolor.
Males.
Hind tibise more or less serrated ; last dorsal segment 4 dentate 2
Hind tibiae not serrated ; last dorsal bidentate 3
2. Legs red texanus.
Legs black f uscipes.
3. Second ventral segment truncate at base, viewed from the side almost forming a
right angle spinosus.
Second ventral segment otherwise formed 4
4. Submedian cell (anal area) terminating beyond or at the origin of the cubital
vein 5
Submedian cell terminating before the origin of the cubital vein 13
5. Last dorsal segment ciliated between the teeth 6
Last dorsal segment not ciliated between the teeth 7
12 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. iv.
6. Last dorsal segment not prominent between the teeth, subtruncate; lateral spots
on first dorsal segment large, covering almost the entire segment. plagiatus.
Last dorsal segment prominently angulate between the teeth ; spots on first seg'
ment transverse, confined to apical portion of segment eequalis.
7. Clypeus bituberculate at apex ; punctuation of head and thorax very coarse
almost rugose (hind femora, in part, reddish) compactus.
Clypeus not tuberculate at apex 8
8. Abdomen not at all reddish 9
Abdomen reddish basally (clypeus and scape beneath yellow ; abdomen with sparse, shallow punctures) rusticus.
9. Apical antennal joint scarcely enlarged or curved, obtuse at apex, the preceding
joint not produced at apex beneath (tegulse black ; dorsulum rugosely punc- tured ; punctures of abdomen distinct but feebler than in latei-alis).
simplicicornis.
Apical antennal joint enlarged, strongly curved, truncate at apex, the preceding
joint produced somewhat beneath at apex 10
10. Clypeus and scape yellow (punctures of abdomen rather subtile) 11
Clypeus black 12
1 1. Antennns short, stout, when stretched back not reaching the tegulse ; form
rather robust, tegulse dark tristis.
Antennre longer, slenderer, when stretched back reaching, or almost reaching, the tegulse ; form narrower ; tegulse pale-testaceous, or with a yellow spot.
fidelis.
12. Abdomen with unusually strong punctures, those of the front distinct and
separated ; scutellum marked with extremely large, sparse punctures.
lateralis.
Abdomen subtilely punctured ; punctuation of front close, so that it has a gran.
ular appearance ; scutellum coarsely rugose subtilis.
13. Apical antennal joint obliquely truncate at tip, more or less curved 14
Apical antennal joint rounded at tip, or obtusely truncate, not or scarcely
curved ; markings white ; first segment with a continuous fascia.
albomarginatus.
14. Abdomen not all reddish, legs reddish testaceous; enclosure of the middle
segments with its ridges evenly spaced mellipes.
Abdomen reddish basally ; coxse, trochanters and femora black, tibise and tarsi pale pumilus.
I. Nysson texanus Cress.
Nysson texanus Cresson, Tr. Am. Ent. Soc. IV, p. 223, ^ J . Faranysson texanus Cresson, ibid. IX, p. 273.
Nysson texamts Handlirsch, Sitzb. Akad. d. Wissensch. Wien, Math. Naturw. Classe, I Abth. XCV, Bd. p. 297.
Texas, Nebraska; Montana; Lewiston, Idaho (Aldrich); Las Cruces, New Mexico (Cockerell). Recorded by Handlirsch from Georgia and South Carolina.
March, 1896 J Fox, NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF NySSON. IB
2. Nysson fuscipes Cress.
Paranysson ftcscipes Cresson, Tr. Am. Ent. Soc. IX, p. 274, ^ J. Nys ion fuscipes Handlirsch, 1. c. p. 301 ; pi. 4, f. 23.
Washington; Oregon; California. As pointed out by Handlirsch, this species seems confined to the extreme Western States, in fact, those bordering on the Pacific Ocean.
3. Nysson solani Ckll.
Nysson solani Cockerell, Tr. Am. Ent. Soc. XXII, p. 294, 9. ,
Las Cruces, New Mexico (Cockerell). This species has the hind tibiae serrated, agreeing in that respect with the two preceding species, but the metanotum is not lobed. It seems to be isolated from the other species as far as its relationship is concerned. The only known speci- men lacks the second (petiolated) submarginal cell, which deficiency I consider to be but an anomaly.
4. Nysson spinosus Forster.
Sphex spinosa Forster, Novk Species Insect, p. 87.
Nysso7i spinosus HandliksCH, 1. c. p. 337, pi. IV, f. 5, 17, 25-28, pi. V, f. 11. 9 $■ (For full synonymy see this work.)
North America (Handlirsch). I have only seen European speci- mens for which I am indebted to Herr F. F. Kohl, of Vienna.
"5. Nysson plagiatus Cress.
Nysson aurinotus Packard (non Say), Proc. Ent. Soc. Phila. \T,p. 440, $ Nysson plagiatus Cresson, Tr. Am. Ent. Soc. IX, p. 276, $ 9 ; Handlirsch. 1. c. p. 348, pi. 4, f. II, 21, pi. 5, f. 10.
Illinois; Indiana; Louisiana (Handlirsch) ; Texas; Washington. Our largest species.
6. Nysson a^qualis Patt.
Nysson aqualis Paiton, Can. Ent. XI, p. 212, $; Handlirsch, 1. c. p. 350, pi. 4, f. 10, 22, ^ $ .
Massachusetts (Patton); Camden County, New Jersey (in July); Baltimore, Maryland, and South Carolina (Handlirsch) : Georgia, Illinois.
7. Nysson aurinotus Say.
Nysson aurinotus Say, Boston Journ. Nat. Hist. I, p. 368; HANDLIRSCH, 1.
c- P- 353. J^.PI- 5. f- 13-
Indiana (Say) ; Illinois (Handlirsch). Unknown to me.
8. Nysson Frey-Gessneri Hdl.
Nysson Frey-Gessneri Handlirsch, 1. c. p, 355, $ , pi. 5, f. 12. Georgia (Handlirsch). Unknown to me.
14 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. iv.
9. Nysson compactus Cress.
Nysson compactus Cresson, Tr. Am. Ent. Soc. IX, p. 278, 9 $ . Washington State.
10. Nysson tristis Cress.
Nysson tristis Cresson, Tr. Am. Ent. Soc. IX, p. 281, $ . Washington State.
11. Nysson lateralis, Pack.
Nysson lata ale Packard, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phila. VI, p. 440, $ . Nysson lateralis Patton, Can. Ent. XI, p. 213, f .
Canada (Provancher) ; Maine, New Hampshire, Virginia, Illinois (Patton).
12. Nysson subtilis, sp. nov.
$. — Cheeks margined posteriorly beneatli, coarsely punctured; front closely punctured, appearing strongly granular, feebly ridged above antennae; between ocelli flat, not tuberculate ; clypeus strongly punctured, transversely depressed before apical margin, the latter subtruncate ; antennae stout, scape shining, strongly punc- ured, flagellum opake, the last joint curved, nearly as long as the three preceding united, obliquely truncate at tip, preceding joint slightly produced beneath at apex; dorsulum with strong, tolerably well sejiarated, punctures; scutellum rugose, no margined laterally ; mesopleurse strongly rugosopunctate ; middle-segment with the spines sharp, slenderer than in lateralis, enclosure longitudinally and somewhat ir- regularly ridged; hind tibiae not spinose ; wings subhyaline, iiervures dark, petiole of second submarginal cell a little shorter than the height of cell, submedian cell of pos- terior wings terminating a little beyond the origin of the cubital vein ; punctures of abdomen subtile, much feebler than in lateralis, stronger on first segment, second ventral strongly convex, particularly toward the base, but not truncate anter- iorly, last dorsal bidentate as in the allied species. Black, the tubercles, and a trans- verse spot at each side of the first three dorsal segments, yellow ; tarsi and anterior tibise in front, testaceous ; clypeus and anterior orbits with silvery pubescence. Length 6^ mm.
Algonquin, Illinois (Nason). Easily distinguished by the entirely black front and subtile punctuation of the abdomen.
13. Nysson rusticus Cress.
Nysson rusticus Cresson, Tr. Am. Ent. Soc. IX, p. 283, $ 9 .
Washington; Moscow, Idaho (Aldrich); Colorado.
14. Nysson nigripes Frov.
Aysson nigripes Provancher, Add. Hym. Quebec, p. 269, $ . Hull, Canada CProvancher). Unknown to me. Placed near ri/s- ticus provisionally, as it may belong elsewhere.
March, i&j6 ] FoX, Nol-ITII AMERICAN SpECIES OF NySSOX. 15
15. Nysson rufiventris Cress.
Nyssoti rufiventris Cresson, ibid, p. 283, 9 •
Montana; Colorado.
16. Nysson fidelis Cress.
Xysson fidelis Cresson, ibid, p. 282, J $ .
Montana ; Colorado.
17. Nysson simplicicornis, sp. nov.
^ — Cheel;s not margined posteriorly beneath, rather finely punctured; front with distinct, somewhat separated and strong, punctures, slightly prominent above the antenna ; between ocelli flat, not tuberculate ; clypeus transversely depressed before apical margin, which is subtruncate ; antennae slenderer than in the allied species scape shining, punctured, flagellum opaque, the apical joint not curved or enlarged, obtuse at tip, the preceding joint not at all produced at apex beneath ; dorsulum with coarse shallow punctures, or rugoso-punctate ; scutellum coarsely punctured, not margined laterally ; mesopleuras coarsely punctured but less so than the dorsulum ; middle segment with the spines sharp, slender, enclosure irregularly ridged; hind tibi;^ not spinose ; wings sub-hyaline, nervures and stigma black, petiole of second submarginal cell shorter than the height of cell, submedian cell of posterior wings terminating at the origin of the cubital vein, punctures of the abdomen distinct, finer and closer, however, than in lateralis, second ventral segment strongly convex, with the punctures sparser, last dorsal bidentate. Black ; spot at apex of four anterior femora beneath and on dorsal segments 1-3, whitish; mandibles reddish medially ; tarsi somewhat testaceous ; clypeus and sides of face with dense silvery pubescence. Length 5 mm.
Ingham County, Michigan (G. C. Davis), July 17th. Smaller than the allied species with black abdomens and is at once separated by the different terminal antennal joint.
1 8. Nysson opulentus Gerst.
Nysson opulentus Gerstacker, Abh. Naturh. Gesell. zu Halle, X, p. 1 14, $ Nysson opulentus Cresson, Tr. Am. Ent. Soc. IX, p. 279, 9. N'ysson opulentus Handlirsch, 1. c. p. 357, 9 <?•
New York. The $ I have not seen.
19. Nysson mellipes Cress.
Nysson mellipes Cressun, Am. Ent. Soc. IX, p. 279, $ 9. Colorado ; Dakota ; Montana.
20. Nysson tuberculatus Hdl.
Nysson tuberculatus Haxdlirsch, I. c. p. 363, $ 9 ■
Wisconsin and South Carolina (Handlirsch). Unknown to me. It is said to be close to basilaris, but seems to differ somewhat in the punctuation of abdomen, greater extent of black on legs and presence
16 Journal New York Entomological Society. |Vo1 iv
of pale spots on scutellum. I am inclined to regard hasllaris and tiiberculatKS as synonymous, however.
21. Nysson basilaris Cress.
Nyv,son basilaris Cresson, Tr. Am. Ent. Soc. IX, p. 281, 9-
Georgia.
22. Nysson bell us Cress.
A'ysson bellus Cresson, ibid. p. 2S0, 9 . Montana and Texas.
23. Nysson pumilus Cress.
Nysson jtimilus Cresson, ibid. p. 405, $ .
Nevada.
-24. Nysson albomarginatus Cress.
Nysson albomarginatus Cresson, ibid. p. 278, ^ 9 • Nevada. Easily distinguished by the pale, continuous fascice of ab- domen. The unique 9 type has also two, tranverse, pale spots on first segment, near base. These may not be constant in a series, however.
25. Nysson mcestus Cress.
Ayssoj! tnasttis Cresson, ibid. p. 280, $ .
Washington State.
26. Nysson bicolor Cress.
Hyponyzson bicolor Cresson, ibid. p. 284, 9 . Nysson bicolor Handlirsch, 1. c. p. 402.
Washington State. The unique type of this species lacks the third submarginal cell.
SOME NOTES ON LOCUST STRIDULATION.
By a. p. Morse, Wellesley, Mass.
Every observer of outdoor Nature is familiar to a greater or less extent with the peculiar rattling or crackling sounds produced by certain locusts or "grasshoppers" in flight. When at rest these in- sects are quite inconspicuous, their colors resembling closely the pre- vailing tints of their surroundings, but when in flight many of them at- tract notice not only by their stridulation, but also by their strikingly colored wings in which yellow and red with black markings predomi- nate.
March, 1896.] MORSE, NOTES ON LoCUST StRIDULATION. 17
These locusts belong to a group, the QEdipodinee, usually given subfamily rank, of which fifteen species are found in New England. One of the best known and most widely distributed of these in eastern North America is a species whose wings are black with a pale buff outer bor- der and with a few spots at the tip ; this is the Carolina locust. It is very common on dusty roadsides and waste places in the latter part of summer and the early autumn. Owing to the prevailing tint of quiet brown which clothes the majority of individuals they are known in some localities as " Quakers."
Just how the rattling sound is produced is a matter of some specu- lation ; it is, however, entirely under the control of the insect, which can produce it or not at will. So far as recorded, only the male stridu- lates, though I suspect thaf the females of some species occasionally do in a less degree. Owing to the noise being produced in flight it is dif- ficult not only to observe the exact method of its production, but also to determine with certainty that it is confined to one sex. It is usually stated to be caused by the striking of the front edge of the wing against the under side of the wing- cover. This might occur as the result of an up-and-down blow or, as I venture to suggest, of a slight antero- poste- rior movement bringing the prominent veins of the under side of the wing- cover (humeral trunk and ulnar or anal veins) into collision with the raised veins of the base of the wing.
Certain species, however, produce not only rattling, but distinct snapping sounds consisting of separate loud snaps or clacks, e. g., Cir- coteitix verrucnlatus, which often dances up and down in the air while doing so and not infrequently ends its powerful and erratic flight with a rattle immediately before alighting. It has seemed to me that the clacks may be produced in a diff"erent manner from the rattling sounds, and the following is suggested as a possible explanation.
If the wing-cover of any of our larger Gildipodinse be examined there will be readily seen near its point of attachment, about in its mid- line, between the bases of two of the conspicuous veins (humeral trunk and anal) and pressing them apart, as it were, a distinct prominence. From this spring the two ulnar veins. If the wing-cover be inverted a depression will be found corresponding to the external prominence. In this depression lies the elevated base of the median vein of the wing when the wings and wing-covers are closed, and this arrangement holds these organs in place in the position of rest without any direct effort of the insect. If the wing-cover of a newly killed or relaxed O^dipodine be properly manipulated it will leave its place with a distinct snap, due
18 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. iv.
to the sudden slipping off of the base of the wing-cover from the base of the wing. This arrangement is highly developed in the genus Cir- cotettix, whose members are noted for the clacking noise produced in flight, which it seems to me may perhaps be thus produced by the sud- den, and more or less rapidly repeated, opening and closing of the flight- organs.
There is another group of locusts found with us, fewer in species, smaller in size, and of less conspicuous habits, but more plentiful in numbers than the Qildipodinse, which stridulate not during flight, but when at rest, — these are the little oblique-faced Tryxalinee. In this group the sound is produced by rubbing the hind thighs against the wing-covers, and both the apparatus and its working are readily ob- served. It consists, in most of our species, of a row of fine teeth pro- jecting from the inner side of the hind thighs of the male in such a position as to engage the elevated veins of the basal part of the wing- covers, by this means setting up vibrations in the latter. This may be readily demonstrated in the fresh insect or a relaxed specimen. The sounds produced in this way are entirely different in character from those made by the QEdipodinse in flight, being a scraping or scratching, as distinguished from a rattling, crackling, or rustling.
There is, however, a genus (^Mecostethiis) of this group which is allied to the (Edipodinje in structure, and the males of one of its species produce the loudest note made by any of our Tryxalinae. In this genus the hind thighs of the males are destitute of teeth, which are borne in- stead upon a supernumerary vein of the wing-covers, which is raised above the others. In the species referred to the teeth on this vein are high and very acutely pointed.
This additional vein is found in all our representatives of the CEdipodinae, which stridulate in flight, and the discovery of this ar- rangement of the apparatus in Mecostethus led me to examine this vein in several species of Qidipodin^e to see whether it was ever supplied with a rasping surface ; for if so, these locusts also could doubtless stridulate when at rest. It was found in several species to be provided with teeth of different degrees of effectiveness, and not long afterward I was enabled to witness the use of this form of stridulating apparatus by an CEdipodine.
While walking up the Mt. Washington carriage-road one bright morning in early September I came upon a group of several males of Circotettix verruculatas sunning themselves by the roadside in the shelter of an overhanging cliff. The night had been quite cool and
March, iSo6.] MORSE, NOTES ON LoCUST StRIDULATION. 19
they had evidently but just become sufficiently warmed by the morning sun to take an active part in life, and in consequence allowed a closer approach than is the usual custom of this wary species. Two of them seemed more wide awake than the others, and as they crawled about would occasionally stop, slightly elevate the hinder part of the body and rapidly move the hind thighs up and down against the wing-covers, producing a distant " scritching " sound clearly audible at a distance of three or four feet. This act was repeated several times at intervals of a few seconds. No females were seen near by.
Desiring to make further observations on this mode of stridulation in the CEdipodinae I secured one day after my return several examples of Encoptolophus sordidus and Arphia xanthoptera and enclosed them, together with some grass, in a pasteboard box of about a cubic foot ca- pacity, covered it with netting and placed it in the sun. Both sexes of both species were represented, but of females there were but two of each.
At first their efforts were entirely in the direction of escape, but after a short time they became more quiet and were left by themselves, an occasional approach being made to see how matters stood. Nothing of interest was learned from the Arphias, but after some time two males of E. sordidus, oblivious to their surroundings, became attentive to one of the females. Aroused by her near presence they crawled rapidly about, and as they approached her would stop, stridulate for a second with their hind thighs, and excitedly leap toward or upon her, when, being repulsed, they would repeat the operation. The sound produced was a very high-pitched " I'chT-i'chi-T'chT-i'chi. "
Another sound of an entirely different character was made by them in a different manner. The hind thighs, instead of being closely ap- plied to the wing-covers, were spread somewhat apart and violently vibrated, moving, as nearly as could be judged, up and down with ex- treme rapidity and striking as they did so upon the bottom of the box. The sound produced was a peculiar ''r-r-r-rd" or "r-r-r-rt," low in tone and of considerable volume, leading me to think from its quality that it was due in part to the vibration of the pasteboard bottom. Once it seemed as if the wing-covers took some part in it, vibrating laterally ; but as the act was witnessed but twice, both times from the side, and was too rapid for the e3^e to follow, I am uncertain of the exact method of its production.
Lack of time in suitable weather prevented further observations, but these are reported in the hope of bringing out information on the subject and inducing other observers to pay some attention to this in- teresting habit.
20 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi iv.
The occurrence in the CEdipodinse of stridulation when at rest seems to have been entirely overlooked in late years, though observed by Yersin in (Ed. fasciata. Among the Acridinse Caloptemis italiciis and Melanophi^s femur-rubrnm have been observed by Yersin and Scudder respectively to perform the stridulatory movements, though no sound was noted in either case. Yersin was disposed to believe that all locusts provided with well-developed wing-covers execute such movements, whether accompanied by sound or not. And it is not unlikely that sound is often produced too faint or fine for our ears to perceive.
Nothing is known of stridulation in the Tettiginae, but it seems possible that it may occur in the same manner, /. e., by friction of the hind thighs on the side of the pronotal process or anterior edge of the wing which in this group take the place of the wing-covers. In the Eremobinoe both sexes are said by Saussure to be often provided with special musical apparatus of two kinds, one used at rest and one in flight and both differing from those here mentioned.
BOTH SIDES OF BUTTERFLIES.
By A. P. Morse, Wellesley, Mass.
Every collector of butterflies and every student of variation in these insects is interested in methods whereby both surfaces of the wings of his favorites can be studied with a minimum amount of labor and in- convenience. Book-boxes, so-called, with glass top and bottom and cork gummed to the glass, answer very well in a permanent collection, but for one which is receiving additions and to whose owner expense is an item to be closely considered, so that an entire case or cases cannot be given up to a species, some method is necessary which will more readily permit of rearrangement when desired. With this end in view I several years ago designed the following plan, which is here presented in the hope that it will be of interest or use to others. While metal strips filled with cork have been used for some time I believe that the method of rearrangement suggested is entirely novel.
The cases for which the plan was designed are of the standard museum pattern, i6x 19x3 inches outside, 15 x 18 inside measurement, the top and bottom of glass, the sides of wood joined by tongue and groove, the tongue being either of wood or metal. The plan, however, is applicable to almost any form or size of case preferred. Aside from
Maich, 1896.] Morse, Both Sides of Butterflies. 21
its increased weight a glass bottom, as well as top, is to be preferred for all cases of considerable size, as it does away with the troublesome shrinking which is inseparable from the use of large sheets of wood un- less made in three-ply, as in the manufacture of desks, etc.
The method is this : Procure twice as many thin strips of some straight-grained wood with as little tendency to warp as possible, such as cherry or basswood, one-quarter inch in thickness, as long as the inside measurement of the front of the case and as wide as the case is deep in- side. On one side of these strips are sawed, with a fine saw, slots one- fourth inch in depth at intervals of half an inch. Two strips will be needed for each case (front and back), making twice as many strips as cases, one-half of which should have the first slot sawed at a distance of one-half inch from the end, the other half at a distance of three-quarters inch ; the reason for this will be seen later. These strips may be pro- cured at slight expense from the maker of the cases or a box manufac- turer.
Next, get a reliable tinsmith to cut some strips of tin three- quarters inch wide and fourteen and seven-eighths inches long and bend them up into troughs one-fourth inch wide and deep with vertical sides. To one side of each end of a trough should be soldered neatly the short end of an L-shaped piece of the same material one- fourth plus three- fourths inch long and nearly one-fourth inch wide. These lie flat upon the bottom of the case out of sight beneath the wooden strip and act as feet to hold the trough upright during rearrangement. To give as much supporting surface as possible they should be attached to opposite sides of the trough. The portion of the side of the trough opposite the at- tached piece should be cut through and turned down flat, widening the supporting base, or it may be removed entirely, leaving the end of the trough with a single vertical edge which fits into the slots sawed in the wooden strips. These edges being on opposite sides of the trough necessitate the different position of the slots on 'the front and back strips previously mentioned. The troughs are then to be filled with strips of cork and the whole to be painted over a dead white or black as preferred. The tin troughs ready to be filled may be obtained for about three cents apiece, in lots of one hundred or more.
The troughs are held in position by the slots sawed in the wooden strips and may be placed within an inch of each other, or within one- half inch in the case of very small specimens by cutting a little off the ends of the L-shaped feet, or as far apart as desired. The wooden strips are held in place at front and back of the case by short, headless
22 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. iv.
pins or brads thrust into the sides of the case, and if equal in width to the depth of the case are held down by the cover, or they may be nar- rower and then held securely in place by a pin above each end.
For examination the case may be placed upon a table covered with white or dark cloth or paper according to the background desired, and may be instantly turned upside down, allowing both sides of the entire series of specimens to be examined when desired without a moment's
delay.
•
A NEW GLOVERIA.
By Harrison G. Dyar.
Mr. L.. O. Howard has sent me several examples of a Lasiocampid collected in Arizona for the Department of Agriculture, which seems to represent an undescribed species. I take pleasure in dedicating it to this well known entomologist. Dendrolimus howardi, sp. nov.
Female. Like Qtiadrina dtazoma. Cla-j color (Ridgway, pi. V, fig. 8) irro- rate with pale chocolate brown scales. Two faint, brown, nearly straight lines, one across the cell, the other at the outer third of the wing, the most distinct mark. A very faint white discal dot. Subterminal line irregular, broken, faint, twice out- wardly curved, at veins 3 and 4 and 6 to 8. Secondaries and thorax pale brown, about the tint of the transverse lines of the primaries ; abdomen a little paler. Ex- panse 49 to 66 mm.
Alale. Considerably like the male of D. gargamelle Strecker (The male of Q. diazoma being unknown). Sepia (Ridgway, pi. Ill, fig. 3), along the outer margin of primaries succeeded by a semi-transparent zone, which shades into raw umber (R. Ill, 14) over the basal half of the wing, composed of brown and yellow- ish hairs. Discal dot round, distinct, white. Lines as in the female, faint, darker than the wing, the subterminal especially obscure, broken into a series of brown intervenular dots, the one at the anal angle the most distinct. Secondaries sepia, a semitransparent space covering the outer third except for a narrow outer margin. Body dark, mixed with yellowish hairs. On the primaries the subterminal line is much fainter than in ga7-ga7nelle; the transverse space encroaches on it whereas in %argaineUe it just reaches the line. Basally in both it reaches to the discal do^. The bright yellowish costal shade is not present in gargamelle. The secondaries { dark chocolate, not bright reddish brown; the transparent space reaches out •urther than in its ally, leaving only a narrow band instead of an outer third. Expanse 38 to 45 mm.
The types are three pairs in the National Museum and one pair in my collection. All bred specimens.
In markings the female is perhaps not different from Quadrina diazoma.
March, 1896.] Dyar, a New Gloveria. 23
Grote, the type of which is rubbed and the faint transverse anterior line and discal spot may have been obUterated, not being mentioned in the de- scription. The wings are, however, clearly not short and broad as de- scribed (and as shown also in the photograph before me); but are, as usual, rather long, the outer margin gently convex. The size, too, is much smaller ; but the specimens may have been reduced by breeding, although Mr. Howard does not think that this can be the case to any great extent. Otherwise this form is distinct from any in our fauna, nor is there anything like it in the Biologia Centrali-Americana. Mr. Druce and Mr. Schaus have both described several Lasiocampids since the date of the Biologia ; but a perusal of their descriptions dees not suggest that any of them have to do with the present insect.
Synopsis of the American Dendrolimus 9 9 .
Gray, the subterminal line distinct.
Subterminal line sharply and regularly dentate arizonensis.
Subterminal line undulate, irregular dolores.
Brown-gray to yellowish brown, subterminal line obscure.
Dark grizzled gray brown, discal dot white gargamelle.
Paler, luteous brown, only traces of discal spot.
Wings as usual, rather elongate howardl.
Wings short and broad, depressed at apices diazoma.
The following notes, sent me by Mr. Howard, show the dates observed for the emergence of the moths as bred at Washington.
" April 10, 1895. Received from J. W. Toumey, Tuscon, Arizona a web of a Lasiocampid and some partly grown larvse found feeding on Querciis emoryi ; only observed on a few trees. Accompanying them was a strip or band of web taken from the tent. Mr. Toumey has been informed that great bands of such web hang from the branches imme- diately around the tent like long streamers.
The larvae are bright ferruginous with a yellowish lateral stripe and dull black head.
There are three median dorsal rows of white soft hairs and a lateral row of same color.
April 20th. Larvse are feeding both on buds just opening as well as on the dry leaves of oak. One tachinid fly issued ; it is Exorista thlecarum.
July I St. One larva spun up.
July loth. One moth, a female issued.
July 1 6th. Five males issued; two were ruined, the remaining three spread.
24 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. iv-
July i8th. One female issued; left in cage to copulate.
July 19th. Two females and four males issued. Eggs were de- posited in the cage.
July 22d. Three females and five males issued. Two more batches of eggs ^deposited.
July 23d, Three females and two males issued.
July 24th. One female and one male issued. More eggs were deposited.
July 25th. Two males issued.
July 26th. One female issued.
July 29th. Two issued. (Sex not stated.)
August 2d. Two issued.
August 5th. One female issued. Some of the eggs hatched.
August 8th. One male issued.
August 9th. More larvae hatched."
The following descriptions have been drawn up from alcoholic specimens preserved at the Department of Agriculture, some of which have been kindly presented to me by Mr. Howard.
jEggs. — Oval ; one end bluntly rounded, the other conical, slightly flattened above and below. Pure white, very slightly shining, a small, round, yellowish translucent spot in the centre of each flattened side. (The large end is eaten away in all the specimens, by the young larvae, so I am not able to describe the micropylar region.)
Length i. 8 mm., width i. 5 mm. and 1.4 mm. through the flattened sides. Shell minutely roughened under a half-inch objective, but without marks. Laid in irregular clusters without any covering.
Stage I. — Head and thoracic feet shining black; cervical shield, leg plates and anal plate, as well as a dorsal patch on joint 13, brown black. Body grayish white with a row of subdorsal segmentary orange spots, diffuse and broad. Warts small, black, each with several hairs, fine, spinulated and rather long. Arrangement of the warts normal (Psyche vii, 259), the secondary warts very feebly developed, obscure; warts iv and v also obscure, vi divided. On the thorax the posterior subdorsal wart (iia) is larger than in Clisiocampa and bears several hairs. No secondary hairs. Width of head 1.05 mm.
Stage IF. — Head, cervical shield, joints 12 and 13 dorsally, anal plate and anal feet black; width of head 3.0-3.2 mm. Body gray, mottled with black, defined in a series of subdorsal dots and narrow lateral line, between which runs a broad orange-red band. Hair fine,
March, 1896.] DVAR, A NeW GlOVERIA. 25
white, rather thick, with a series of Httle short dorsal tufts. Venter dark gray with a series of black medio-ventral spots. Body quite densely clothed with secondary hairs, the warts almost obsolete, some of the largest ones persisting, black. Leg plates dark.
Last stage. — Head black, the lower segment of clypeus, side pieces and median suture whitish ; mouth pale; all covered with soft white secondary hairs; rounded, rather large, not retracted; width 5.5 to 6.4 mm. Body curiously transversely streaked with whitish and red- brown, silky hairy, flattened ; no warts. There is a rather broad shaded blackish band below the spiracles, relieved by a series of whitish inter- segmental patches below, otherwise grading into the dark venter, mot- tled with black and light red on each side of the median black patches. Above the substigmatal line the marks are transeverse, except a narrow brown-black broken lateral line which cuts them. The ground color is whitish, shading into bright brown subdorsally, with about si.x obscured transverse streaks of brown black, most distinct intersegmentally. They become clouded in a dark brown shade centrally on the segment and are relieved by an orange subdorsal transverse dash on the posterior third on joints 4 to 12, a rather conspicuous making, defined before by darker brown; an anterior dark brown ad-dorsal patch. These trans- verse markings are produced by a growth of fine short dark brown sec- ondary hairs in four transverse lines over the dorsum, a broken blackish dorsal and ad-dorsal shading on the ground of the original broad orange-red subdorsal band. At the lower edge of the orange dash a dark red shade obscurely parallels the longitudinal superstigmatal line. Cervical shield velvety black with two white streaks below it. Anal plates black, joint 12 heavily clouded with blackish. Thoracic feet reddish, abdominal dark, with a bright whitish streak down the outer side. Hair soft, fine, white, tufted dorsally and subventrally centrally on the segments. Warts absent, all the hairs secondary ; no percepti- ble enlargement below the cervical shield ; joint 12 not enlarged.
The short brown hairs are stiff thick-walled tubes, smooth with pointed conical ends ; they are widest at terminal third and taper a lit- tle toward the base, minutely granular-roughened just before the tip. The long white hairs are more slender, colorless, thin walled and smooth, gently tapering toward the tip. There is a slight roughening toward the tip of short lamellar points. Length of the short hairs .4 to .6 mm., of the long ones 3 to 6 mm. The short hairs are evidently of a defensive nature as they become detached when the larva is handled and entering the skin produce some irritation and finally small blisters which last for several days.
26 Journal New York Entomological Society. lvoi. iv.
Cocooji. — Thin, almost papery, of dark brown silk, .single, but with some loose silk without; elliptical, less definite in shape than in Clisiocampa, the ends thinner than the central portion. Size 35 x 15 mm.
Pupa. — Robust, the abdomen large, thicker than the thorax, slightly curved ventrally, the anal rounded, pilose, without cremaster , three moveable incisures, viz. 4-5, 5-6, o-yth abdominal segments (corresponding to joints 8-9, 9-10, lo-ii of the larva) the other in- cisures behind the 8th abdominal segment distinct, but fixed. Spiracles large, distinct, present on abdominal segments 2 to 8. Cases smooth, compact, firmly united, the joinings marked by darker lines; the leg cases reach to the end of the third abdominal, wing cases to middle of the fourth, antennae cases opposite the end of the fourth segment. Head and thorax pilose, abdomen less distinctly so; cases smooth. Color light reddish brown, the incisures, spiracles and sutures darker. Length 25 mm., width 10 mm.
LITERATURE ON DEFENSIVE OR REPUGNATO- RIAL GLANDS OF INSECTS.
By a. S. Packard.
Aldrovandus, U. — De animalibus insectis libri septem cum singulorum iconibus ad vivum expressis. Denuo impress : Bonon. apud Clementem Ferronium 1638, p. 273. [The first edition was in 1602.]
Moufet, T. — Insecioium sive minimoriim animalium theatrum . . London, 1634. pp. 185-186.
Goedart, J.— Metamorphosis naturalis sive insectorum historia . Amstelo- dami, 1700. Pars 2, p. 136. [French ed. of 1700, t. 2, p. 162; Lister's Latin ed. London, 1685, p. 60.]
Reaumur, R. A. F. — Memoires pour servir a I'histoire des insectes . . Paris, 1736, t. 2, pp. 266-269, pi. 21-22. [t. 2, partie 2, pp. 21-23 of the Amster- dam ed. of 1737-1748.]
De Qeer, C. — Observation sur la propriete singuli^re qu' ont les grandes chenilles a quatorze jambes et a double queue, du saule, de seringuer de la liqueur. (Mem. sav. etrang. Pans, 1750, i, pp. 530-531, pi. Goetze und Bonnet, etc. au- serlesene abhandlungen, 1774, p. 220.)
Schaffer, J. C. — Neuendeckte theile an raupen und zweyfaltern . . Regens- burg, 1754.
Sulzer, J. H. — Die kennzeichen der insekten . . Zurich, 1761, pp. 65-67
Pk 5. fig- 34-
Miiller, O. F. — Pile-larven med dobbelt hale, og dens phalaene . . Kjoben- havn, 1772, pp. 53-56, pi. 2, fig. 3-5.
March, 1896.] PACKARD, On DEFENSIVE GlANDS OF INSECTS. 27
Amoreux, P. J. — Notice des insectes de la France, reputes venimeux, . . Paris, 1789, pp. 282-285.
Bonnet C. — Memoire sur una nouvelle partie commune a plusieurs especes de chenilles. (Mem. math. d. savants etrang. Paris, 1755, ii, pp. 44-52.) Collection complete des oeuvres de C. Bonnet, ii, 1779. pp. 3-16.
Memoire sur la grande chenille a queue fourchue du saule, dans lequel
on prouve, que la liqueur que cette chenille fait jaillir, est un veritable acide, et un acide tresactif. (Mem. math, de savants etrang. Paris, 1755, ^- ^' P- 267-282. Collection complete des oeuvres de C. Bonnet, 1779, ii, pp. 17-24.)
Schwarz C. — Neuer raupenkalender . Niirnberg, 179I. Abth. i, p. 59.
Petzhold C. P. — Lepidopterologische beytrage. ( L. G. Scriba's beitrage zu der insektcngeschichte, Frankfurt am Main, 1793, heft 3, pp. 230-251.)
Nouvelle Dictionaire d' Hist. Nat. xv, p. 487. ( Larva of Hydrophilus ejaculates with a slight noise a fcetid and blackish fluid.)
Rengger, Johann Rudolph. — Physiologische untersuchungen iiber die thierische haushaltung der Insecten. I'tibingen, 1817. ( In the chapter entitled Abgesonderte Safte bei den Raupen, he speaks of the glandular apparatus of the larva of B. vituila, noticing the general form of the secretory sack, that it opens out in two muscular evertible points, out of which the secretion is ejected.)
Kirby and Spence. — Introduction to entomology . . 2d. ed. i. 18 15, Lon- don, 1 8 18, ii, pp. 238-239.
Dufour L. — Memoire anatomique sur une nouvelle espece d'insecte du genre Brachinus. ( Ann. de mus. d'histoire nat. xviii, 1811, pp. 70-81.)
Recherches anatomiques sur les carabiques et sur plusieurs autres colt-
opteres. (Ann. d. Sci. Nat. 1826, viii, pp. 5-54)
Memoire sur les metamorphosis et I'anatomie de la Pyrochroa coc-
cinea. Glande odorifique. ( Ibid, ii ser. Zoologie. xiii, 1840, pp. 340-341.)
Lyonet, P. — Recherches sur I'anatomie et les metamorphoses de differentes especes d'insectes. Ouvrage posthume, public par M. W. deHaan, Paris, 1832.
Morren, C. — Memoire sur I'emigration du puceron du pecher [Aphis per- sicce), et sur les caracteres et I'anatomie de cette espece. (Ann. Sci. Natur. Zool. 1836, VI, pp. 65-93, pl. 6-7.)
Ratzeburg, J. T. C. — Die forstinsekten . . . Theil I, Die kafer . . 1837, ... p. 246.
Aube, C. — [Note sur une secretion fetide d' Eumolpiis pretiosus.'\ (Ann. Soc. Entom. Fr. 1837, s. I, t. 6; Bull. p. 58.)
Lacordaire, J. S. — Introduction a I'entomologie, 1838, ii, p. 45.
Meckel, von Hemsbach, Johann Friedrich. — Mikrographie einiger Drii senapparate der niederen Tbiere. (Anat. Phys. u. Wiss. Med. 1846, p. I-73, pl. 1-3) p.46. Miiller's Archiv.
Stein, Friedrich. — Vergleichende anatomie und physiologic der Insekten. Berlin, 1847.
Leidy, Joseph. — History and anatomy of the hemipterous genus Belostoma. (Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Ser. 2, 1847, I, Pt. I. pp. 57-67- pl- i-)
Odoriferous glands of invertebrata (Proc. Acad. Phila. 1849, iv, 234-
236. I PL). Ann. & Mag. N. H. Ser. 2, 1850, v, pp. 154-156.
28 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. iv.
Dufour, L. — Recherches anatomiques sur les Dipteres. 1851, pp. 195,313. (Alimentary canal of Sepsis contains the seat of a " glande odorifique.")
Chapuis et Candeze. — Catalogue des larves des coleopteres . . . (Mem- Soc. Sci. de Liege, 1853, viii, pp. 351-653, pi. 1-9, pp. 611-612.)
Siebold, Carl Theodor. — Lehrbuch der vergleichenden anatomic der vvir- bellosen Thiere, 1848. Burnett's transl. Boston, 1854.
Burnett, Waldo Irving. — Translation of Siebold's Anatomy of the Inverte- brates, 1854 (Note on the osmeteria of Fapilio asterias, which he regards as an odor- iferous and defensive, rather than tactile organ, p. 415).
Karsten, H. — Bemerkungen iiber eininge scharfe und brennende absonder- ungen verschiedener raupen. (Midler's Archiv fiir Anat. Phys. u. Wiss. Med. 1848, pp. 375-382, pi. 11-12) describes the poison glands at the base of the spines of Sa- turnia larvae.)
Harnorgane des Brac/iinus coviplanatus Fabr. Fig. (Miiller's Ar-
cliiv, 1848, pp. 367-376.
Saussure, Henri de. — Recherches zoologiques de I'Amerique centrale et du Mexique. 6"'™'^' Partie. Etudes sur les Myriopodes et les Insectes. Paris, i860.
Gerstaecker, C. E. A. — Ueber das vorkommen von ausstiUpbaren hautan- hangen am hinterleibe an schaben. (Archiv f. Naturgesch. 1861, xxi, pp. 107-115.)
Laboulbene, Alexandre. — Note sur les caroncules thoraciques du Malachius. (Annales de la Socittc Ent. de France. 38 Ser. vi, pp. 521-528, 1858).
Liegel, Hermann. — Ueber den Ausstiilpungsapparat von Malachius und verwandten Formen. Inaugural Dissertation. GSttingen. pp. 31, i pi. [n. d. since 1858 and before 1878.]
Leydig, F. — Zur anatomic der insecten. ( Archiv f. Anat. Phys. u. Wiss. Med. 1859, pp. 33-89, 149-183, pi. 2-4) p. 35 and 38.
Biolog. Centrabl. x, 1 890, pp. 395-396, Ueber bombardier Kafer.
Claus, C. — Ueber die Seitendriisen der Larve von Chrysomela popiili. (Zeits. f. Wissench. Zoologie, xi. 1861. pp. 309-314. Taf. xxv.)
Ueber schutzwaffen der raupen des gabelschwanzes (Wiirzburger Na-
turw. Zeitschrift, 1862, iii, xiv, Sitz. am. 28, Juni, 1862.
Ueber die wachsbereitenden hautdriisen der insecten. (Sitzungsber.
gesells z. beford. d. gesammt. naturw. zu Marburg, June, 1867, No. 8. pp. 65-72.)
Rogenhofer, Alois. — Drei Schmetlerlingsmetamorphosen. (Verhandlungen der K. K. zoolog.-bot. Gesellschaft, Wien, xiii, 1862, pp. 1224-30.)
Fitch, Asa. — Eighth report on the noxious and others insects of . . New^ New York (Trans. N. Y. State Agric. Soc. 1862, xxii, pp. 657-684.), p. 677. [Separate, p. 195.]
Quenee, Achille. — Annales Soc. Ent. de France, Ser. IV, 1867, pp. 696-
697. PI- 13-
Landois, L. — Anatomic der bettwanze, Cimex lectiilarius, mit beriicksichti- gung verwandter hemipterengeschlecter (Zeitsch. f. Wiss. Zool. 1868, xvii, pp, 206-224, pi. 11-12, p. 218-223.)
Studer, Theodor. — Mitlheilungen der naturforsch Gesellschaft in Bern. i872-'73, No. 792-811, p. loi.
Candeze, E. — Les moyens d'attaque et de defense chez les insectes. (Bull. Acad, royale de Belgique, 2 Ser. xxxviii, 1874, pp. 787-816.)
March, 1896.] Packard, On Defensive Glands of Insects. 29
Mayer, Paul. — Anatomic von Pyrrhocoris apterus. (Reichert und du Bois- Reymond's Archiv f. Anat. Phys. etc. 1874, pp. 3l3-347> 3 Taf. )
Scudder, Samuel Hubbard. — Odoriferous glands in Phasmidse. (Psyche, i, 137-140, Jan. 14, 1876; Amer. xNTat. x, p. 256, April, 1876, drawings shown by W. J. Fewkes to show their structure and position.)
Prothoracic tubercles in butterfly caterpillars. (Psyche, i, 168, April
14, 1876.)
Organs found near the anus of the 9 pupa of Danais, which recall the
odoriferous organs mentioned by Burnett, transl. Siebold's Comp. Anat. as occur- ring in Argynnis and other genera. (Psyche, iii, 278, 1882, p. 453, note 22.)
[Glands and extensile organs of larvae of blue butterflies.] ( Proc.
Bos. Soc. Nat. Hist, xxxiii, p. 357-358, 1888.)
Butterflies of Eastern United States, i-iii, 1889.
New light on the formation of the abdominal pouch in Parnassius.
(Trans. Ent. Soc. London, Dec. 1892, published Jan., 1893, 249-253.)
Miiller, Fritz. — Die stinkkolbcheu der weiblichen maracujafalter. (Zeitschr. f. Wiss. Zool. 1877, bd. 30, p. 167-170, pi. 9.)
Helm, F. C. — Ueber die spinndriisen der lepidopteren. (Zeits. f. \Viss. Zool. 1876, xxvi, pp. 434-469, pi. 27-28.)
Plateau, Felix. — Note sur une secretion propre aux coleopteres dytiscides. (Ann. Soc. Entom. Belg. 1876, v, xix, pp. i-io.)
Edwards, William H. — Notes on Lyccena pseudargiolus and its larval his- tory. (Can. Ent. x, Jan. 1878, pp. I-14. Fig.)
On the larvse of Lyccena pseudargiolus and attendant ants. (Can. Ent.
X, July, 1878, pp. 131-I36.
Voges, Ernst. — Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Juliden. (Zeitsch. f. Wissen. Zoologie, xxxi, p. 127, 1878. The scent glands are retort-shaped bodies, the necks of which open \k\\.o foramina repugn at oriaS)
Rye, E. C— Secretion of water-beetles. (Ent. Month. Mag. xiv, 1877-78, pp. 232-233.
Forel, A. — Der giftapparat und die anal driisen der ameisen. (Zeits. f. Wiss. Zool. 1878, XXX, Suppl. pp. 28-68, pi. 3-4.).
Saunders, William. — Notes on the larva of Lyccena scudderi. (Can. Ent. X, Jan. 1878, p. 14. Attended by ants so that the author supposes that it has glands like those described by W. H. Edwards, in the same journal of the same date.)
Weismann, A. — Ueber duftschuppen. (Zool. Anzeiger, 26th Aug. 1878, jahrg. i, pp. 98-99 )
Qissler, Carl Friedrich.— On the repugnatorial glands in Eleodes. (Psyche, ii, Feb. 1879, pp. 209-210.)
[Odoriferous glands on the 5th abdominal segment in nymph of Lach-
nus strobi.^ (Fig. 273, p. 804 of Packard's Report on Forest and Shade Tree Insects, 1890.)
Brunner von Wattenwyl, K.— [Ueber ein neues organ bei den acridio- deen.] (Verhandl. k. k. Zool. Bot. Gesells. Wien, 1879, xxix ; Sitzungsber. pp. 26-27.)
Verb. K. K. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien. (A peculiar organ on hind femora
of AcrididiTS.)
30 Journal New York Entomological Society. |Voi. iv.
Rougement P. — Observations sur I'organe detonnant du Brachiiius crepi- iajis Oliv. (Bull. Soc. Sci. Nat. Neuchatel, 1879, xi, pp. 471-478, pi.)
Goossens, Th. — [Sur une organe entre la tete et la premiere paire de pattes de quelques chenilles.] (Ann. Soc. Ent. France, ix, p. 4, 1869. Bull. pp. 60-61.)
Des chenilles vesicantes. (Ann. Ent. Soc. France (6) Tome vi, p. 461-
464, 1887.)
Coquillett, D. W. — On the early stages of some moths. (Can. Ent. March*
1880. xii, pp. 43-46, p 45.)
Chambers, Victor Tousey,— Notes upon some tineid larvce. (Psyche, iii, July, 1880, p. 67. Certain retractile processes "from the sides of certain seg- ments of the larva.")
Further notes on some Tineid larvae. (Psyche, iii, p. 135, Feb. 12,
1881. Larva of Phyllocnistis has 8 pairs of lateral pseudopodia on first 8 abdominal segments.)
French, O. H. — LarvK of Cei-ura occidentalis Lint, and C. borealis Bd- (Can. Ent. July, 1881, xiii, pp. 144-145.)
Passerini, N. — Sopra i due tubercoli abdomanali della larva della Porthesia chrysorrhaa. (Bull. Soc. Ent. Ital. 1881, xiii, pp. 293-296.)
Klemensiewicz, Stanislaus. — Zur naheren Kentniss der Hautdriisen bei den raupen und bei Alalachuis. (Verhandlungen d. Zool. ]3ot. Gesellsch. Wien. xxxii, pp. 459-474, 1882, 2 Taf.)
Weber, Max. — Ueber eine Cyanwasserstoffsaure bereitende Driise. (Archiv fiir Mikr. Anat. 21 Bd. p. 468-475, T. 24, 1882.)
Bertkau, Philip. — Ueber den Stinkapparat von Lacon miirinus L. (Archiv f. Naturg. 1882. Jahrg., 48, pp. 371-373.)
Dimmock, George. — Organs, probably defensive in function, in the larva of Hyperchiria z/^r/a Walk. ySatiirnia to Harris). (Psyche, iii, pp. 3'52-353, Aug. 19.
1882. Account of lateral eversible glands on 1st and 7th abdominal segments; they emit neither moisture nor odor.)
On some glands which open externally on insects. (Psyche, iii, 387-
399, Jan. 15, 1883. Treats of poison glands, glandular hairs, eversible glands of Cerura, etc.)
Coleman, N. — Notes on Orgyia lettcostignia. ( Papilio, Nov.-Dec. 1882. [Jan. 1883], ii, pp. 164-166. p. 165.)
Miiller, F. — Der anhang am hinterleibe der ^^r^jfl-weibchen. ( Zool. An- zeiger, 6 Aug. 1883, jahrg. vi, pp. 415-416.)
Dewitz, H. — Ueber das durch die Foramina repugnatoria entleerte Secret bei Glomeris. ( Biol. Centralblatt, iv, 202-203, 1884).
Williston, S. A. — Protective secretion of Eleodes ejected from anal gland. (Psyche, iv, p. 168, May 1S84.)
Poulton, Edward Bagnall. —Notes in 1885 upon lepidopterous larvae and pupre, including an account of the loss of weight in the freshly-formed lepidopterous pup.-E. (Trans. Ent Soc. London, June, 1886, pp. 156, 157, 159.)
Notes in 1886 upon lepidopterous larvae, etc. (Trans. Ent. Soc. Lon- don, Sept. 1887, pp. 295-301.)
Notes in 1887 upon lepidopterous larvte, etc. (Trans. Ent. Soc. Lon- don, 1888, p. 597.)
March, 1896.J PACKARD, On DEFENSIVE GlANDS OF INSECTS. 31
Kiinkel, J. — La punaise de lit et ses appareils odoriferants. (Comptes Rendus, ciii, 1886, pp. 81-S3. Annals & Mag. Nat. Hist. 5th Sen xviii, 1886, pp. 167-168.)
Packard, Alpheus Spring. — The fluid ejected by notodontian caterpillers (Amer. Nat. 1886, xx, pp. 811-812.)
An eversible "gland" in the larva of Orgyia. (Amer. Nat. 1886, xx,
p. 814.)
- — ■ • 5th Rep. U. S. Ent. Comm. Insects injurious to forest and shade trees,
p. 136, 1S90.
Hints on the evolution of the bristles, spines and tubercles of certain
caterpillars. ( Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist, xxiv, 1890, p. 551.)
Notes on some points in the external structure and phylogeny of lepi-
dopterons larvae. (Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist, xxv, 1890, pp. 83-114.)
Loman, J. C. C. — Freies Jod als Driisensecret. (Tijdschr. Neder. Dierk. Ver. Deel i, 1887, PP- 106-108.)
Riley, Charles Valentine.— Proc. Ent Soc. Washington, March 13, 1888. i, pp. 87-89.
Notes on the eversible glands of larvaj of Orgyia and Parorgyia leiico-
phiea and P. clintonii {achatijta). (See 5th Rep. U. S. Ent. Comm. p. 137.)
Denham, Ch. S. — The acid secretion of Notodotita co7tcinna. (Insect Life, i, p. 147, 18SS. Hydrochloric acid).
Michin, Edward A. — Note on a new organ, and on the structure of the hypodermis, in Periplaneta orieit talis. (Quart. Journ. Micros. Sc. Dec. 1S88, xxiv, I PI.)
Further observations on the dorsal gland in the abdomen of Periplaneta
and its allies. (Zool. Anz. 27 Jan. 1890, pp. 41-44.)
Maynard, C. L. — The defensive glands of a species of Phasma, Anisomorpha buprestoides. (Contributions to Science, i, April, 1889.)
Schaeffer, Csesar. — Beitrage zur Histologic der Iiisekten. (Zool. Jahrb. Morph. Abth. iii, pp. 611-052, T. 29, 30, 1889. Treats of the ventral glands in prothorax of caterpillars. Scales and hairs are secretions from the very greatly enlarged hypodermic cells).
Qilson, Q. — Les glandes odoriferes der Blaps mortisaga et de quelques autres especes. (La Cellule, v, 1-21, PL, 1889.)
The odoriferous apparatus of Blaps mortisaga. (Rep. 58th Meeting
Brit. Assoc. Adv. Sc. 18S9, pp. 727-728.)
Haase, Erich. — Ueber die Stinkdriisen der Orthoptera. (Sitzgsber. Ges. Naturf. Freunde, Berlin, pp. 57-58, 1889.
Zur Anatomic der Blattiden. Zool. Anz. xii, Jahrg. pp. 169-172, 1889.)
Herbst, Curt. — Anatomische Untersuchungen an Scutigera coleoptrata. (Ein Beitrag zur vergleichenden Anatomie der Articulaten. Dissert. Jena, pp. 36 (Hautdriisen, Coxal — Organ.), p. I, 1889.)
Wheeler,Williani M. —Hydrocyanic acid secreted by Polydesnms virginien- sis Drury. (Psyche, v, p. 422.)
New glands in the hemipterous embryo. (Amer. Nat. Feb. 1890, p.
187. Odorous (?) glands).
Jackson, W. Hatchett.— Studies in the morphology of the Lepidopera. Pt. i. (Trans. Linn. Soc. London, 2 ser. zool. v, May, 1890.)
82 Journal New York Entomological Society. [VoI. iv.
Krauss, liermann. — Die Duftdriise der Aphlebia bivittata Brulle (Blat- tidae) von Teneriffa. (Zool. Anz. xiii, Jahrg. 1890, pp. 584-587, 3 figs.)
Fernald, H. T. — Rectal glands in Coleoptera. (Amer. Nat. xxiv, p. loc- lor, PI. 4. 5> 1890.)
Vosseler, Julius. — Die Stinkdiiisen der Forficuliden. (Arch. Mikr, Anat. xxxvi, 1890, pp. 565-578, Taf. 29.)
Carlet, Q. — Sur les organes secreteur.s et la secretion de la cire chez I'Abeille. (Coniptes Rendus, Tome no. pp. 361-363, 1890).
Carriere, J. — Die Driisen am ersten Hinterleibsringe der Insektenembryonen. (Biol. Centralblatt, xi, pp. IIO-127, 1891.)
Borgert, Henry. — Die Hautdriisen der Tracheaten. (Inaugural Diss. Jena,
1891, pp. 1-80.)
Lang, Arnold. — Lehrbuch der Vergleichende Anatomic, English Trans, by Henry M. and Matilda Bernard, 1891, pp. 458-459.
Kennel, J. von. — DieVerwandtschaftverhiiltnisse der Arthropoden (Schriften herausgegeben von der Naturforscher Gescllschaft bei der Universitat Dorpat, vi. Dorpat, 1 89 1).
Patton, W. H. — Scent-glands in the larva of Limacodes. (Can. Ent. xxiii, Feb. 1891, p. 42-43. 8 pairs of glands with pores along the edges of the back.)
Batelli, Andrea. — Di una particolarita nell integumento dell' Aphrophora spjimaria. Monitore Zool. Ital. Anno 2, p. 30-32, 1891. (Dermal glands in the hindermost f egment.)
Ash, C. D. — Notes on the larva of Danima baiiksii Lewin. (Ent. Month. Mag. Sept. 1892, p. 232. ( Fig.) Notodontian larva protrudes from under side of prothoracic segment a y-shaped red organ like that of Papilio. No odor or fluid given out.
Bernard, Henry M. — An endeavor to show that the tracheae of the Arthro- poda arose from setiparous sacs. (Spengel's Zool. Jahrbuch, 1892.)
Latter, Oswald. — The secretion of potassium hydroxide by Dicranura vi- nula, and the emergence of the imago from the cocoon. (Trans. Ent. Soc. London,
1892. 287, also xxxii. Prof. Meldola added that the larva of D. vinula secretes strong formic acid, and is the only animal known to secrete a strong caustic alkali.)
Further notes on the secretion of potas'iium hydroxide by Dicranura
vimila (imago) and similar phenomena in other Lepidoptera. (Trans. Ent. Soc. London. Nature, 1895, P- 55'- March 20, 1895.)
Zograff, Nicolas. — Note sur I'origine et les parentes des Arthropodes, prin- cipalement des Arthropodes tracheates. ( Congres Internationale de Zoologie 2™^ Session a Moscow, Aug. 1892. Part i. Moscow, 1892, pp. 278-302, 1892. Cyano- genic glands in Myriopods, p. 287.)
Swale, H. — Odour of Olopliruin piceniu. (Ent. Month. Mag. v, Jan., 1896, p. 1-2.)
Cuenot, L. — The ejection of blood as a means of defence by some Coleop- tera. (Comptes Rendus, Acad. Sc. France, April 16, Nature, April 26, 1894.)
Holmgren, Emil. — Studier ofverhudens och de kortelartade hudorganens morfologi hos skandinaviska macrolepidopterlarver, 9 Taf. (K. Svenska Vetenskaps- Akademiens Handlingar, Bd. xxvii. No. 4, Stockholm, 4°, 1895, PP- ^2.)
March, 1896.] WiCKHAM, COLEOPTERA OF N. E. AMERICA.
33
PRELIMINARY HANDBOOK OF THE COLEOPTERA OF NORTHEASTERN AMERICA.
By H. F. Wickham.
(Continued from Vol. Ill, p. IQO-)
Amara Bon. This genus includes those Pterostichini in which the terminal joint of the palpi is not dilated, the labial with the penultimate joint plunse- tose in front and longer than the last one. The elytra are without the dorsal puncture. The genus is of great size and offers considerable diversity of form, some of the species resembling Pierostichus or Har- palus, while the majority have a fades which is unmistakeable. The form of the thorax has served a good purpose in the primary separation into groups, after which secondary sexual characters must be largely relied upon. By the kind permission of Dr. Horn, his synopses and descriptions have been used in this paper (almost without change except in the way of condensation) for those portions of the genus on which he has written. The first part, the subgenus Lirus, has been largely taken from the descriptions of Dr. LeConte, who, however, had not tabulated the species. No attempt has been made to disturb the exist- ing status of species, the idea being simply to give a clue to the iden 1- fication as they now rest. A careful revision of the forms with sub- cordiform thorax is a desideratum but must be left to those who have access to types.
Synopsis of Species. :. Thorax broader in front of the base, narrowed posteriorly and usually more or
Th:::::^;:::a-;.;;;^riy:b;;;d-^:;d;;h;b;s;-;;;^^^^^
rowed in that part
2 Posterior tibis not pilose internally in either sex i^
Posterior tibiae of male densely pilose internally • ^
3. Middle tibiae simple in both sexes ^
Middle tibiae of male bidentate internally
4. Hind angles of prothorax not carinate sVmilVs.
Hind angles of thorax with distinct carina
%
34 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. iv.
5. Larger (8-10 mm), elytral strite distinctly punctured, prothorax punctured from
side to side at base avida.
Smaller (6 mm.), elytral striae nearly smooth, thorax not punctured at base.
arenaria.
6. Thorax sinuate on the sides near base, hind angles rectangular or prominent. .7 Thorax not sinuate on sides near base, hind angles obtuse 9
7. Elytra more parallel, more than three times as long as the prothorax.
rufimanus.
Elytra more rounded on sides, less shining, less than three times as long as pro.
thorax 8
8. Sides of prothorax more rounded, more suddenly sinuate at base, hind angles
rectangular, prominent laticollis.
Sides of prothorax less rounded, less suddenly sinuate at base, hind angles rect- angular, not prominent carinata.
9. Thorax nearly quadrate, elytral striae fine, finely punctate anteriorly, .elongata. Thorax broader than long, elytral strialion less fine, punctuation quite evident. 10
10. Blackish piceous, elytral striae more finely punctate . . .hyperborea.
Blackish, elytra brown, striae more strongly punctate brunnipennis.
1 1. Prosternum with side pieces smooth 12
Prosternum with side pieces punctured, scutellar stria long apricaria.
12. Prosternum ^ not punctured septentrionalis.
Prosternum ^ with oval punctured space 13
13. Scutellar stria short or wanting, meso- and metasternal side-pieces punctured.
exarata. Scutellar stria long, meso- and metasternal side-pieces smooth latior.
14. Posterior tibiae of $ densely pilose internally 15
Posterior tibiae of ^ not or scarcely pilose internally 23
15. Spur of anterior tibia trifid 16
Spur of anterior tibia simple 17
16. Hind angles of thorax obtuse, four antennal joints largely pale. . . .angustata. Hind angles of thorax sharp, rectangular, only three basal antennal joints
pale pallipes.
17. Antenna not carinate, prosternum of ^ not punctured 18
Antennje with joints 2-3 carinate 21
18. Scutellar stria terminating in an ocellate puncture impuncticollis.
Scutellar stria without ocellate puncture 19
19. Striae of elytra punctured, base of thorax finely punctured basillaris.
Striae of elytra not or obsoletely punctured, base of thorax smooth 20
20 Thorax narrowing from base to apex, form broad, robust, terminal spur of ante- rior tibia shorter than usual crassispina.
Thorax narrowing from in front of base, form oblong-oval, tibial spur normal, legs piceo-rufous, hind angles of thorax obtuse, the puncture rather distant from side margin cupreolata.
21. Scutellar stria with ocellate puncture fallax.
Scutellar stria without ocellate puncture 22
22. Basal impressions of thorax very faint, striae of elytra and surface of thorax not
punctured, form oblong oval protensa.
March, 1896] W1CK.HAM, COLEOPTERA OF N. E. AxVIERlCA. 35
Basal impressions of thorax distinct polita.
23. Antennae and legs piceous black 24
Antennae pale, legs usually so 25
24. Elytra with silken lustre, intervals with more or less uneven surface, color vari-
able interstitialis.
Elytra shining, intervals flat, even, smooth erratica.
25. Prosternum plurisetose at tip; metepisternum longer than wide at base, .obesa. Prosternum bisetose at tip, sides of thorax distinctly deplanate, legs rufo-testa-
ceous ; ^ shining, 9 opaque remotestriata.
Prosternum without setae, sides of prothorax not deplanate 26
26. Prosternum of <J with a small group of punctures 27
Prosternum of $ smooth as in 9 28
27. Form rather broadly oval, not twice as long as broad, legs rufo-testaceous.
chalcea.
Form oblong, twice as long as broad, thorax very broad, legs rufo-testaceous.
gibba.
28. Sides of thorax oblique behind, apex of scutellar stria united to first . . harpalina. Sides of thorax not oblique behind the middle, scutellar stria free at apex .... 29
29. Thorax distinctly emarginate at apex, front angles sharply prominent . subsnea. Thorax nearly truncate at apex, anterior angles very obtuse 30
30. Sides of metasternum and met-episterna coarsely punctate rubrica.
Sides of metasternum and met-episterna smooth musculus.
It will be noted that two species belonging to the sixth division (^Lirus Zimm.), are omitted from the table, namely L.fidvipes Putz. and L. canadensis Putz., no specimens being at hand for comparison. The descriptions are intercalated in the proper place.
A. avida Say. — Black or piceous, broad, oblong, thorax wide, narrowed posteriorly, hind angles nearly rectangular, base with numer- ous coarse punctures extending entirely across, basal fovese ill defined though moderately deep. Elytral striae deep, distinctly punctured. Antennae and legs rufous. Length 8-9.5 mm., = .3 2-. 38 in.
Habitat : New York, New Jersey, Massachusetts, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa.
A. arenaria Lee. — Much smaller that the preceding, piceous black, tip of abdomen reddish, legs, antennae and palpi rufous or rufo- testaceous. Thorax with sides rounded, narrowed at base, median longitudinal line deep ; the base is not punctured or only extremely finely so, and the basal foveae are smooth. Elytra shining, striae mod- eratety deep and scarcely visibly punctate. Length 6 mm. = .24 in.
Habitat : New York (Buffalo), Mt. Washington, New Hampshire.
A. similis Kirby. — Black or nearly so, shining, prothorax sub- quadrate, narrower at base, sides rounded, margin reflexed, of uniform
36 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. iv.
width, hind angles carinated, obtuse, basal impressions deep, punctured. Elytra rather finely striate, punctures small but distinct. Legs rather dark rufous, antennae rufo-piceous, stout. Length 11-12 mm. =^ .44- .48 in.
Habitat: Canada, Northwest Territory, New Hampshire (Mt. Washington).
A. rufimanus Kirby. — Blackish, with very distinct greenish tinge, shining, form elongate. Thorax short, moderately narrowed posteriorly, sides rounded and with a sharp sinuation near the hind angles which are rectangular and prominent ; basal impressions deep, punctured and with an acute carina on outer margin. Elytra very long, sides parallel, striae well marked and distinctly punctured except toward the tip. Legs and antennae rufous. Length 11. 5-12 mm. = 46-. 48 in.
Habitat : Canada, Wisconsin, Wyoming, Colorado, Magdalen Island.
The above description is made out from a pair named lacustris Lee, in my collection. The name is considered a synonym of rufi- manus Kirby, though there is little of value in the last description.
A. laticollis Lee. — Broader and more oblong, piceous black, less shining, thorax larger in proportion to the elytra which are more rounded on the sides. Sides of thorax much rounded, sinuate near base, hind angles hardly as prominent as in rufimanus, basal foveae deep, the carina well marked and acute. Elytral stri^ with very dis- tinct punctures except towards the tip. Antennae, legs and epipleurae rufous. Length 11-14 "coxa.. = .44-. 5 6 in.
Habitat : Kansas, Nebraska, Colorado, Wyoming, Illinois, Mis- souri, British America.
A. carinata Lee. — Differs from latieollis by the characters given in the table. These points are to be made out with tolerable ease from comparison though seemingly rather indefinite. Length 12-15 '^'^- = .48-.60 in.
Habitat: New Mexico, Colorado, Manitoba, Illinois.
A. elongata Lee. — Elongate, oblong-ovate, slender, rufo-piceous, thorax about equal in length and breadth, sides rounded, hind angles somewhat obtuse, basal foveae bistriate, punctate, carina broad, not much elevated. Elytra broader than the thorax and with fine striae which are finely punctate anteriorly. Length 10 mm. := .40 in.
Habitat : Lake Superior region.
A. hyperborea Dej. — Moderately elongate, ^blackish piceous,.
37
March, 1896.] WiCKHAM, COLEOPTERA OF N. E. AMERICA.
thorax narrower behind, sides rounded, oblique near the base and not sinuate. Hind angles obtuse, basal fove» bistriate, basal region punc- tate, carina present but rather blunt. Elytra oblong ovate, stride punc- tured, less distinctly so at apex. Legs reddish. Length 9-1 1 mm. =
.36-.44 in.
Habitat : Labrador, White Mountains, New Hampshire.
A. brunnipennis Z>^y.— Oblong, head and thorax blackish- seneous, thorax with sides rounded, punctured behind, basal fovese bistriate. Elytra brownish or obscure reddish, oblong, subparallel, striate-punctate, suture and margins blackish. Antennae and base of tibiae rufous, femora and tarsi rufo-piceous. Length 8.5 mm. = .34 m-
Habitat : Labrador, White Mountains, New Hampshire.
A. canadensis P///z.— Piteous, elytra submetallic, palpi testa- ceous, antenna and legs brownish. Prothorax transverse, sides angu- late slightly rounded, hind angles rectangular, basal margin bisinuate, base punctulate, basal fove^ two, oblong, impressed. Elytra convex ob- long-ovate, humeri somewhat rounded, stri« punctate. Episterna and sides of abdomen punctured. Length 11 mm. = .44 m.
Habitat : Northern Canada.
This species is unknown to me, the above description being trans- lated from Putzeys. It probably will be easily recognized by the shape of the prothorax.
A. fulvipes P/z/z.— Black, shining, palpi, antennae and legs ru- fous Prothorax with the sides rounded, not sinuate, narrowed ante- riorally and posteriorly. Anterior angles somewhat prommcnt, but rounded, hind angles acute, slightly prominent. Elytra oblong-ovate, narrowed behind, humeri obtusely angulate. Length 10 mm. = .40 m.
Habitat : Missouri C Putzeys ), Allegheny, Pennsylvania ( Ham- ilton.) r^, ^ 1 •
The description is translated from Putzeys. The Pennsylvania specimens sent as this species have the thoraxic margin somewhat sinuate near the base, which is coarsely punctured (to a varying degree of den- sity) in the region of the fovea, which are only moderately distinct. The female is broader and less shining than the male, and the sides of the thorax are more rounded.
A. apricaria Fayk.— Oblong oval, piceous, surface feebly bronzed. Head smooth, frontal impressions moderate, antennae pale rufous. Thorax one-half broader than long, sides moderately arcuate m front, slightly sinuous and feebly narrowed toward the base, hind angles rec-
38 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. iv.
tangular, slightly prominent. Basal foveae deep, the inner one rounded, carina obtuse, one-fourth the length of the thorax ; basal third of thorax punctured, punctures coarse, sparser in the middle. Elytra oval, mod- erately deeply striate (less so at apex), strias crenate-punctate. Scutellar stria long, thoracic side pieces coarsely punctured, abdomen moder- ately coarsely punctured at sides. Length 8 mm. = .32 in. The de- scription is taken from Dr. Horn's account of Putzeysii, which, he writes, is a synonym of the above.
Habitat : Newfoundland, Massachusetts, Europe.
A. septentrionalis Z^r._Elongate, oblong oval, blackish-pice- ous, more or less aeneous above, thorax one-half broader than long, narrowed in front and behind, sides broadly rounded, base sparsely punctate, foveae deep, double, hind angles sub-obtuse. Elytra striate, stria finely punctured, smooth at tip. Antenna rufous, legs rufo-pice- ous. Prosternum with a i)road feeble longitudinal channel, less evident in the female. Length 7.5 mm. := 30 in.
Habitat: Lake Superior, New York.
A. exarata Z)^'._Convex, form sub-ovate, color blackish-pice- ous. Thorax sub-quadrate, somewhat narrowed behind, basal foveae double, punctured. Elytra with deep-punctured stria. Antenna and legs rufous. Length 8-9 mm. = -3 2-. 36 in.
Habitat: Northeast America in general.
A. latior ^/r^/.— Piceous, more or less bronzed. Prothorax broader than long, not sinuate at base, sides rounded, hind angles rec- tangular. Basal foveae double, punctured, elytra striate, stria punc- tured, less distinctly at apex. Length 9-10 mm. = .36-.40 in.
Habitat: New Hampshire, Canada, Lake Superior, Illinois, Wisconsin, Nebraska, Oregon, Idaho, Vancouver Island.
A. angustata 6'^?y.— Body oval, above black with cupreous re- flections. Thorax broad, narrowed from the base, emarginate at apex, surface impunctate except in the neighborhood of the basal fovea which may be sparsely punctate; hind angles acute. Elytra not wider than the thorax, narrowed from the base, stria deeper behind, impunctured ; legs rufous. Length 6.25-7 mm. = .25-. 28 in.
Habitat: "Middle and Southern States." Ohio, New York, New Jersey, Wisconsin, Nebraska.
A. pallipes ^/>^_y. —Elongate, oval, above cupreous or blackish- cupreous, thorax narrowed from about the middle to the apex, basal
March, 1896.] WiCKHAM, COLEOPTERA OF N. E. AMERICA. 39
fovs double, slightly punctured ; elytra broader that the thorax, striae not deeper behind. Legs rufous. Length 7-5 mm. = .30 in.
Habitat: New York, Wisconsin, Canada, New Jersey, Iowa. A. crassispina Z^r.— Broadly oval, aeneous above, body beneath and legs rufo-piceous, thorax twice as broad as long, narrowed ante- riorly tides obliquely rounded, sub-explanate behind, base hardly fove- ate, elytral striae impunctate, not deeper behind. Antennae piceous, the three basal joints testaceous. Length 9 mm. = .35 m. Habitat : Lake Superior.
A. cupreolata Putz. —0\Aox\g oval, above bronzed, thorax nar- rowing from a point in advance of the base. Legs piceo-rufous, hind angles of thorax slightly obtuse.
Habitat : New Jersey, Illinois.
A. fallax Z^r.—Oval, »neous above, thorax nearly twice as broad as long, moderately narrowed anteriorly, sides rounded, anterior angles not prominent, basal foveae. indistinct, elytral striae not deeper behind or only slightly so. Legs black, tibiae piceous at base. Length 7.5-9 mm. = .30-. 36 in.
Habitat : Lake Superior, New York, Alabama. A. protensa Putz.—0\Ao\^z oval, scutellar stria without ocellate puncture. Thorax with very faint basal impressions, surface not punc- tured. Elytral striae smooth.
Habitat : Illinois (Teste Bolter) .
A. polita Z^^.— Oval, shining, more or less cupreous, thorax twice as broad as long, narrowing anteriorly from before the middle, basal fove» small but deep. Elytral striae not deeper behind, legs black. Length 6.25 mm. = .25 in.
Habitat: Canada, New York, Nebraska, New Mexico, Idaho. A. interstitialis Z>^/— Oval, somewhat oblong, moderately con- vex, color variable from brownish bronze to bright green, cupreous or nearly black. Antennae usually black, first joint sometimes pale. Thorax less than twice as wide at base as long, hind angles rectangular. Elytra with fine indistinctly punctured striae, intervals slightly convex usually with undulating surface, the alternate ones often slightly more elevated, surface distinctly alutaceous. Body beneath smooth, and, with the legs, piceous black. Length 6.5-10 mm. = .26-40 in.
Habitat: Nova Scotia to Hudson's Bay, Alaska, Kamtschatka, south to Pennsylvania and northern California. Also found in Europe.
40 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. iv.
A. erratica Sturm. — Elongate oval, aeneous, cupreous or nearly black, shining. Antennas piceous black, two basal joints often red. Elytra differing as noted in table. Length 6-7.5 ™"''- = •24-- 30 in.
Habitat: About as in the preceding, not coming farther south than Canada and Vermont.
A. obesa Say. — Oblong-oval, narrower in front, piceous-black, shining, the elytra opaque in the female. Antennae ferruginous or brownish. Thorax about one-half broader than long, sides arcuate at apical half, then nearly parallel to base. Hind angles rectangular, disk moderately convex, basal fovese two, the outer deeper and with an ex- ternal carina. Basal region punctate, smoother at middle. Elytra striate, strise finely punctured and more deeply impressed at apex, in- tervals slightly convex $ , or flat 9 . Beneath piceous black, legs piceous or rufo-piceous. Length 9-12 mm. = .36-.48 in.
Habitat: New York, District of Columbia, Lidiana, Montana, Michigan, Idaho, Hudson Bay, Colorado, Nebraska, Utah, Oregon, Washington.
A. remotestriata Dej. — Oblong-oval, moderately convex, brown- ish or very slightly piceous, males shining with faint bronze lustre, females dull. Antennae always rufo-testaceous. Thorax about one- half broader at base than long, slightly wider at middle than at base, sides arcuate, hind angles sharply rectangular, basal fovese double, shal- low, basal region sparsely, often very feebly, punctate. Elytra finely striate, stride smooth or very finely and feebly punctate, intervals flat in both sexes. Body beneath smooth, metathorax and abdomen darker, epipleurae paler. Legs always pale rufo-testacous. Length 6.5-8 mm. = .26-,32 in. A terrestris Lee, is synonymous.
Habitat: New York, New Jersey, Minnesota, Wisconsin, Iowa, Montana, Idaho, Colorado, New Mexico, Canada, British Columbia, Washington, Oregon, Northern California.
A. chalcea Dej. — More broadly oval and more convex than remotestriata, piceous, shining in both sexes, surface slightly bronzed. Antennas pale. Width of thorax at base not equal to twice the length, feebly narrowed anteriorly. Sides arcuate nearly from the base, hind angles rectangular, two fovese on each side, both rather large and deep, and coarsely punctured. Elytra finely sharply striate, striae not punc- tured, intervals flat. Beneath piceous black, legs rufo-testaceous. Length 6.5-7 mm. = .26-. 28 in.
Habitat : Massachusetts, New York, District of Columbia, North
March, 1896.] WiCKHAM, CoLEOPTERA OF N. E. AMERICA. 41
Carolina, Georgia, Texas, Michigan, Wisconsin, Nebraska, Colorado.
A. gibba Lee. — Oblong-oval, distinctly narrower in front, brown- ish or nearly piceous, shining, a feeble trace of bronze luster, legs always pale. Antennae pale rufo-testaceous. Thorax one and three- fourth times as wide at base as long, slightly narrowed anteriorly, sides regularly arcuate, base slightly narrowed, hind angles rectangular. Entire basal region usually punctate. Elytra distinctly wider at base than the thorax, sides arcuate, disc moderately deeply striate, striae finely but distinctly punctate, intervals flat, slightly convex near the base. Body beneath darker, shining. Length 6.5-7.5 mm. = .26- .30 in.
Habitat: Lake Superior region, Colorado, Arizona, South Cali- fornia, New Jersey.
A. harpalina Lee. — Form oblong, rufo-piceous or testaceous, moderately shining. Legs and antennae rufo-testaceous. Thorax at middle less than twice as wide as long, slightly narrow^ed in front, sides arcuate in front, oblique at basal half, hind angles sharply rectangular, basal region vaguely bi-impressed each side, this whole region punctate. Elytral base wider than that of thorax, disk moderately deeply striate, striae finely crenately punctured, intervals convex. Beneath usually paler than above, sides of metasternum and episterna very coarsely and closely punctate, the sides of first three ventral segments more sparsely so. Length 6.25-7 mm. = .25-. 28 in.
Habitat: Utah and New Mexico. Reported from New Jersey under the synonym acutangida Putz.
A. subaenea Lee. — Form oblong-oval, narrowed anteriorly, pic- eous, faintly bronzed, shining. Antennae rufo-testaceous. Thorax about one half wider at base than long at middle, distinctly narrowed at apex, sides regularly arcuate, front angles prominent, hind angles rectangular. Elytra not wider at base than the thorax, striae moder- ately deep, finely crenately punctured, intervals convex. Beneath usually paler than above, sides of metasternum and first two ventral seg- ments with a few coarse punctures. Length 5-7 mm. = .20-.28 in.
Habitat : Lake Superior Region, Nebraska, Colorado.
A. rubrica Hald. — Oblong, moderately convex, rufo-testaceous to castaneous, shining in both sexes. Antennae pale. Thorax not twice as wide as long, very little narrowed in front, apex very feebly emarginate, sides regularly arcuate, hind angles usually very obtuse, disc convex, basal impressions very feeble, usuallypunctured, sometimes quite
42 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. iv.
smooth. Elytra at base very slightly v/ider than the thorax, stride mod- erately deep, finely crenately punctured, intervals convex. Beneath paler, sides of metasternum and the met-epimera with coarse punctures. Ventral segments coarsely sparsely punctate at sides of the first four. Legs pale rufo-testaceous. Length 6-7 mm. = .24-. 28 in. Habitat : Middle States region to Texas and Colorado.
A. musculus Say. — Oblong oval, rufo-piceous or piceous, shin- ing, sometimes faintly aeneous. Antennae pale. Thorax rather more than half wider than long, distinctly narrowed anteriorly, sides arcuate, hind angles usually obtuse, sometimes nearly rectangular, basal impres- sions almost obliterated, surface near hind angles sparsely indistinctly punctured or entirely smooth. Elytra at base not wider than the tho- rax, striae moderately deep, finely crenately punctured, intervals slightly convex. Beneath of nearly same color as above, abdomen mually paler, first ventral segment with a few punctures at sides. Legs rufo-testa- ceous. Length 5-55 mm. = .20-. 22 in.
Habitat: Pennsylvania, Ohio, Illinois, District of Columbia, North Carolina, Wisconsin, Nebraska, Arizona.
Loxandrus Lee. Differs from Pterostichus and allied genera by the anterior tarsi being obliquely dilated in the males. The species included are usually black, shining, iridescent beetles, rarely with any color-markings be- yond the tendency to piceous or yellow shades of the appendages. They occur chiefly in the Southern States, and are difficult of separation be- sides being quite rare in collections. A tabular arrangement of the characters regarded as of specific value by previous writers will allow us to separate them as follows : the species from the region under consid- eration all belonging to Dr. LeConte's division in which the side margin of the prothorax is not explanate posteriorly, and the hind angles rounded or rarely rectangular.
Synopsis of Species.
Elytra with a post-median ferruginous spot celer.
Elytra immaculate.
Smaller (.20-. 18 in.). Color of legs variable, hind angles of prothorax
with the tip rounded agilis.
Larger (.38-.40 in.).
Hind angles of prothorax rounded at tip minor.
Hind angles of prothorax rectangular erraticus.
L. celer Dej. — Black, moderately brilliant, antennae and legs
March, 1S96.] WiCKHAM, CoLEOPTERA OF N. E. AMERICA. 43
blackish-brown, the first joint of the former ferruginous. Elytra with a common reddish sutural spot near the tip ; striae extremely finely punctured, intervals flattened, the third with one large puncture, slightly in advance of the middle, near the second stria. Prothorax subquadrate. Length 6-7 mm. := .24.28 in. Habitat : Illinois, Florida, Texas.
L. agilis Dej. — Black, shining, iridescent, prothorax subquadrate, narrower anteriorly, the base punctured at middle, hind angles rounded at tip. Legs piceous or ferruginous, antennae ferruginous at base be- coming darker toward the tip. Elytra with strongly punctured stri?e. Length 5-6 mm. = .20-. 24 in.
Habitat : District of Columbia, Arkansas, Pennsylvania, south to Florida.
L. minor Chaud. — Black, shining, thorax moderately rounded at sides, base nearly smooth, the hind angles obtuse with the extreme tip rounded. Elytral striae finely punctured, interstices moderately convex. Antennae dark, except the three basal joints which are reddish. Legs reddish or with femora piceous. Length 9-10 mm. r= .36-. 40 in.
Habitat : Louisiana, District of Columbia, Arkansas, Indiana, Illi- nois, Missouri.
L. erraticus Dej. — Black, shining, iridescent, prothorax sub- quadrate, the hind angles not rounded. Elytra striate, striae with, obso- lete punctures. Legs reddish or brownish, femora ordinarily darker. Antennae dark, first two joints reddish. Length 9.5 mm. = .38 in.
Habitat : Illinois, Florida, Louisiana. Diplochila Brulle.
Flattened insects of rather broad form and smooth surface. The elytra have the eighth and ninth striae very close together, the third in- terspace has a large puncture near the middle ; the elytral margin is not interrupted at posterior third as in the Pterostichini. Supra-orbital setigerous punctures, two. The species are few in number and may be distinguished by these characters :
Synopsis of Species.
Thorax with hind angles moderately well defined.
Seventh stria of elytra feeble, not approaching the sixth in aistinctness.
Smaller ( 13-15 mm.) laticollis.
Larger (18-20 mm.) van major.
Seventh stria of the elytra about as distinct as the sixth. Thorax less narrowed
in front, more so at base impressicollis.
Thorax with hind angles obtusely rounded. Smaller, elytral strire finer, seventh almost obliterated obtusa.
44 Journal New York Extomological Society. [voi. iv.
D. laticollis Lee. — Black, somewhat shining, thorax transverse, sides slightly rounded and feebly sinuate towards the base, hind angles distinct. Elytra moderately deeply rather finely striate, the striae with fine punctures, seventh feeble. Length 13-20 mm. =r: .5 2-. 80, in.
Habitat : New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Indiana, Illi- nois, Iowa, Canada, Nebraska, Kansas, Michigan, Florida.
D. impressicollis Dej. — Usually black, sometimes the alternate elytral interstices are reddish. The thorax differs from that of laticollis as stated in the table ; and the seventh elytral stria, while sometimes slightly fainter than the sixth, is still distinct. Length 16-17 ™™- = .64-.68 in.
Habitat: New York, Canada, Michigan, Indiana, Iowa, Illinois, South Dakota, Utah, Washington, Oregon.
D. obtusa Lee. — Black, smaller than the other species and with the outer striae of the elytra very weak, the sixth being often quite fee- ble, while the seventh may be almost obliterated. The thorax has rounded hind angles and very deep well-defined basal foveas. Length 11-12 mm. ^ .44-.48 in.
Habitat : Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Nebraska, Nevada.
Dicselus Bon. Usually large species of black, purplish or metallic color, the thorax broad, the elytra usually deeply striate, the seventh interval carinate from the humerus to a varying distance. With the exception of Icevipennis, which extends into western Arizona, they are confined to the region east of the Rocky Mountains and to Mexico, being more numerous in the Atlantic States, especially those to the south.
Synopsis of Species. Elytral intervals very irregular, broken up by deep rugosities or by ocellate punc- tures sculptilis.
Elytral intervals regular, or at least entire. Thorax broad at base, narrowed at apex.
Elytra brilliant, brassy or cupreous splendidus.
Elytra violaceous or purplish purpuratus.
Elytra black.
Elytral intervals feebly alternating, humeral carina moderately long, .furvus. Elytral intervals equal.
Strice very distinctly punctured cretiattis.
Striae not or very finely punctured. Smaller species (15-18 mm.).
Form shorter, thorax with one segiterous puncture near middle of
March, 1896.] WiCKHAM, CoLEOPTERA OF N. E. AMERICA. 45
niargin ovalis.
Form elongate, thorax with two setigerous punctures near middle of margin elongatus.
Larger species (20-25 mm.).
Form elongate, sides of thorax reflexed posteriorly ambiguus.
Form broad, sides of thorax not or but slightly reflexed posteriorly,
elytral intervals rather narrow, convex dilatatus.
Thorax narrowed at base, elytra feebly shining teter.
Thorax about equally narrowed at base and apex, humeral carina short, elytra very shining politus.
Most of the above characters have already been used in the syn- optic table of Diccelus published some time ago by Dr. Horn in the Brooklyn Bulletin. The arrangement has been changed to suit the different conditions consequent upon the more restricted fauna under consideration. The setigerous punctures referred to under ovalis and elongatus are actually anterior to the middle, but the above wording has been adopted to keep students from misconstruing the punctures meant. There is usually a sub-basal puncture to be seen and often a sub-apical bristle as well.
D. sculptilis ^y. — Black, shining, but without metallic luster. Easily known from the other species of the genus by the peculiar rough- ness of the elytra, the alternate intervals being curiously broken and distorted. The bottoms of the striae are granulate or marked vvith ocel- late punctures. Length 16-20 mm. r= .64-. 80 in.
Habitat: Ohio, Pennsylvania, Wisconsin, Iowa, Illinois, South Dakota, Kansas, District of Columbia, Maryland, Manitoba.
D. splendidus Say. — Blackish with violaceous or purplish reflec- tions, especially on margins of pronotum and on lower surface of body. Upper surface of prothorax marked with fine wavy lines, mostly trans, verse in direction, median longitudinal line very clear and sharp-cut. Elytra coppery or brassy, shining, strige deep, intervals convex. Length 18-25 ^''™- = -76-1.00 in.
Habitat : Nebraska, Kansas, Iowa, Illinois, Missouri, Louisiana.
D. purpuratus Say. — Very closely resembling splendidus, but differing in being of a purplish or violaceous color, without brassy elytra, the antennae and legs black. The form is more elongate than in splendidus, and the head larger in proportion. Length 20-25 rn™- = .80-1.00 in.
Habitat: New York, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, Indiana, Louisiana, Florida, Missouri, Illinois, Iowa.
46 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. iv.
D. furvus Dej. — Form short, broad, folor blackish-opaque, or slightly shining. The median thoracic Hne is feeble, the lateral margins slightly reflexed. Elytral intervals alternating, striae smooth. The in- terval between the sixth and seventh stria bears several punctures near ' the base. Length 15 mm. = .60 in.
Habitat : Ohio, Kentucky, Missouri, Florida.
D. crenatus Zee. — The district punctuation of the elytral striae will serve to separate this species from its neighbors. I have seen no specimens and am unable to give other differential characters. Length 15-16 mm. = .60-. 64 in.
Habitat : I^ouisiana, Texas ; recorded also from Buffalo, New York.
D. ovalis Lee. — Black, form short, the median thoracic line very distinct and deeper near base and apex. Elytral striae deep, smooth, intervals not alternating, humeral carina long. Lengih 15-16 mm. = .60-.64 in.
Habitat : New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Illinois, Mary- land, District of Columbia, Ohio, Texas.
D, elongatus Bon. — Form more elongate than in the preceding species, thorax with deep and distinct longitudinal median line, two deep setigerous punctures anterior to the middle of the prothorax. Elytra with deep regular striae, intervals convex, not alternating. Length 15-18 mm. ^ .60-. 76 in.
Habitat : New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, Maryland, District of Columbia, Texas, Iowa, Louisiana, Mis- sissippi.
D. ambiguus Laf. — A large species of black color, either opaque or more or less shining. The sides of the thorax are reflexed behind, the form elongate. Length 20-22 mm. =: .80-.87 in.
Habitat : New York, Pennsylvania, Illinois, Missouri, District of Columbia, Alabama, Mississippi.
D. dilatatus Say. — Black, dull, or with a slight surface luster. Form broad, short, sides of thorax hardly reflexed posteriorly ; elytra with broad deep striae which are almost smooth except for traces of punctures near the tip. Length 20-25 '^^^- = .80-1.00 in.
Habitat : New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Maryland, Indiana, Illinois, Missouri, District of Columbia, Virginia, Alabama, Texas.
March, 1896.] WiCKHAM, COLEOPTERA OF N. E. AMERICA. 4 7
D. teter Bon. — Black, slightly shining, thorax broader in front of middle and considerably narrowed behind, longitudinal median line very deep. Elytra deeply striate, strice smooth, intervals regular, very convex. The form of thorax gives somewhat the appearance of certain Pterostichi. Length 20-22 mm. = .80-.88 in.
Habitat : New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Maryland, New Jer- sey, District of Columbia, Virginia,
D. politus Dej. — Smaller, black, very shining, form resembling that of teter, but the thorax is more nearly quadrate, being less narrowed behind. The elytra are regularly, smoothly and deeply striate, the humeral carina short and obtuse. Length 12-15 mm. = .48-.60 in.
Habitat : New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, District of Co- lumbia, Florida.
Licinus Latr.
Antennae with thre ebasal joints glabrous, eighth and ninth striae of elytra distinct ; elytra strongly sinuate at apex, seventh interval not carinate.
L. silphoides Fabr. — Black, somewhat shining, thorax rounded, punctate. Elytra with three rather faint costae, punctato-striate, inter- spaces deeply and closely punctured. Length 14-15 mm. = .56-. 60 in.
Habitat : Massachusetts. Not a true member of our fauna, be- ing a European species.
Badister Clairv.
Small beetles of a form suggesting our common species of Agono- derus. They differ from the three preceeding genera in having only two basal joints of the antennae entirely glabrous. The eighth and ninth elytral striae are not approximated, the third interval has two dorsal punctures. A condensation of Dr. Leconte's table will suffice to separ- ate the species of northeastern America as follows :
Synopsis of Species. Elytral striae deep, interspaces narrow, convex. Elytra rufo-piceous, darker behind,
antennse and legs reddish notatus.
Elytral striae fine, interspaces flat. Elytra spotted.
Prothorax, legs and elytra bright yellow, the latter with broad median band in- terrupted at suture and an apical blotch iridescent black pulchellus.
Prothorax black, legs and elytra orange, the latter with broad median band and apical spot black, confluent longitudinally from 4th to 6th stria, maculatus. Elytra not spotted, sometimes bicolored.
48 Journal New York Entomological Society. [voi. iv.
Prothorax and legs testaceous, elytra piceous, margined at base, sides and suture with testaceous, epipleura; testaceous. Hind angles of prothorax
broadly rounded Obtusus.
Piceous, head as broad as the prothorax, hind angles of latter obtuse and slightly
rounded ferrugineus.
Black or nearly so, legs yellow.
Hind angles of prothorax very much rounded ... .flavipes.
Hind angles of prothorax not or feebly rounded, margin piceous.
Side margin of prothorax narrow, not more reflexed towards base.micans. Side margin broader, more reflexed near base ref lexus.
B. notatus Hald. — The characters given above will amply dis- tinguish this species, as it is the only one in our fauna with deep elytral striae and narrow convex interspaces. Length 4.5 mm. = .18 in.
Habitat : Canada, New York, New Jersey, Illinois, Louisiana, Iowa.
B. pulchellus Lee. — Above bright yellow, head black, elytra with a very large submedian spot on each, reaching nearly to the suture and each with an apical spot, black. The two spots on each elytron may be connected by a broad longitudinal stripe or may be quite separate. Beneath mostly black, the legs and prothorax yellow. Antennae dusky, first joint yellow. Length 5.5-6.5 mm. = .22-.26 in.
Habitat : New York, Indiana, Illinois, Iowa, Wisconsin, Canada, Georgia, Florida.
B. maculatus Lee. — Black, thorax with deep transverse im- pression, elytra orange- yellow with black markings as given in the table. Legs yellow, antennae dusky, first joint testaceous. Length 6 mm. = .24 in.
Habitat: Pennsylvania.
B. obtusus Lee. — Piceous, shining; prothorax, base of antennae and legs testaceous. Elytra obscure reddish, side margins paler. Hind angles of prothorax rounded, basal impressions round, deep and fovei form, transverse lines quite feeble, longitudinal median line deep. Length 5.8-6.5 mm. = .23-. 26 in.
Habitat: Lake Superior, Montana (Helena).
B. ferrugineus Dej. — Above, head black, thorax reddish or rufo-piceous; elytra piceous with bluish or greenish iridescence, inar- gin narrowly testaceous. Beneath, blackish except the prothorax which is reddish, legs testaceous. Antennae blackish, first joint yellow- testaceous. Other characters will be found in the table. Length 4.5- 5 mm. = .18-. 20 in.
March, 1S96.] WiCKHAM, COLEOPTERA OF N. E. AMERICA. 49
Habitat: California and Alaska — said to be found at Buffalo, N. Y.
B. flavipes Lee. — Black, thorax somewhat narrowed behind, hind angles very much rounded, longitudinal line deep, basal impressions small but deep. Elytra more deeply striate than usual in this group, the interstices more convex ; in color they are blackish with a bluish- metallic luster; legs yellowish testaceous, antennae fuscous. Length 6 mm. = .24 in.
Habitat : New York, Pennsylvania, Louisiana, Florida.
B. micans Lee. — Differs from the preceding in the form of the hind angles of the prothorax (as stated in the table) and in the fact that the luster of the elytra is simply blue, not metallic. The striae of the elytra are less deep and the interstices less convex. Length 5-6 mm.
Habitat: Massachusetts, New York, New Jersey, Illinois, Georgia, Florida.
B. reflexus Lee. — Smaller than micans, piceous, shining, margin of prothorax and elytra testaceous, the latter with faint metallic reflec- tions. Prothorax trapezoidal, narrowed behind and with the sides more strongly margined than usual, the margin broader and more strongly reflexed near the base ; hind angles very obtuse. Legs yellow- ish, antennae piceous, tip of last joint pale. Length 4 mm. = .16 in.
Habitat : New York, Michigan, Lousiana, Pennsylvania,
( To be continued. )
Figs.
|
ILLUSTRATIONS OF NORTH AMERICAN TETTIGIN.^ |
||
|
By a. p. Morse, Wellesley, Mass. |
||
|
(See articles in this Journal, March and September, 1895.) |
||
|
Explanation of Plate. |
||
|
I, |
\a, lb. |
Nomotettix parvus $ . |
|
2, |
za, 2b. |
" crista tus $ . |
|
3. 4> 6, |
3^^. 3b. 9; 4«,.T 9; 5«.^ 9; 6fl,<j |
" covipressus J' . Tettigidea prorsa. " partnpemiis. " lateralis (?), from Indiana. |
|
7. 8, 9. 10, |
9- 9; 8«,^. 9; 9a, $■ 9; \oa,$ |
" acuta. " apiculata. " spicata. " artnata. |
[Vol. IV Journal New York Entomological Society. 50
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NEW YORK ENTOMO- LOGICAL SOCIETY.
Meeting of June i8th, 1895.
Held at the American Museum of Natural History. President Rev. J. L. Zabriskie in the chair. Twelve members present.
Mr. Beutenmuller proposed for active membership Dr. G. Lang- mann and Mr. David H. Ray, and for corresponding membership Mr. F. H. Johnson.
An invitation to join the Philadelphia, Newark and Brooklyn Ento- mological Societies in a field meeting at Jamesburg, New Jersey, on July 4th, was received and accepted with thanks.
Mr. Beutenmuller read a paper "On Collecting at Watchogue Staten Island," communicated by Mr. Wm. T. Davis.
Mr. Johnson exhibited a piece of stone which he found over an ant nest and which had been bored through by the ants, who used the hole as one of the entrances to their nest.
Mr. Faycn exhibited a gooseberry leaf, with the stalk partly eaten through by Gymnetron teter, a weevil, living in the seed pods of the Mullein.
" A Copy of Comstock's Manual to the Study of Insects," was ex- hibited and recommended to the members of the society.
Mr. Zabriskie spoke on species of Coleophora living on Juncus, which he said appeared in salt meadows near the sea shore of Long Island. Adjournment.
Meeting of September 17th, 1895.
Held at the American Museum of Natural History. In absence of the President Mr. Ottomar Dietz was elected chairman pro tern. Nine members present. The treasurer's report was read and accepted.
Dr. Langmann and David H. Ray were elected members of the society and Mr. F. H. Johnson as a corresponding member.
Notes on the summer's collecting were given by the members. Mr. Dyar showed the larva of a Harrisina from Texas which had two of the segments entirely black, thus differing from the eastern species which has all the segments with yellow bands. He also exhibited the larva and moth of Alypia langtoni from the White Mountains, N. H. — Adjournment.
JOURNAL
JOfId ]9orh 6!ntoraoIogirfll ^oriFtg.
Vol. IV. JUNE, 1896. No. 2.
NEW SPECIES OF HETEROCERA. By William Schaus. Perophora funebris, sp. nov.
$ . Wings and abdomen dull brownish black with the basal and outer lines almost imperceptible, the latter starting from the costal margin at two-thirds from the base, convexly oblique to vein 7 and then straight to the middle of inner margin. Underneath, this line is wavy and closer to the outer margin. The 9 is dark brown with the markings as in the $ and an oval spot in the cell. Expanse $ 45 mm. 51 62 mm.
Habitat: Castro, Parana.
Perophora nigrescens, sp. nov.
Wings pale gray, shaded with brown on the extreme outer margins and finely speckled with black, especially on the median space of the primaries. The primaries with a broad black shade at a third from the base and an outer black band angled at vein 7 ; at the end of the cell a small diaphanous spot. The secondaries with a median black line. Underneath darker, with only an outer line which is curved on both wings. Body light gray speckled with black. Expanse 42 mm.
Habitat: Castro, Parana. Perophora musa, sp. nov.
Body dark gray, the abdomen dorsally shaded with red. Wings above gray, finely and thinly speckled with black ; an indistinct median darker shade minutely speckled with red ; at the end of the cell a transparent spot ; the costal margin nar- rowly red ; the outer line, fine, dark brown, starting obliquely from the costal mar- gin at four-fifths from the base, forming an angle between veins 7 and 8, and then slightly wavy to the middle of the inner margin of the secondaries. Beyond the line the wings are slightly darker and shaded with red on the inner margins and at the angle on the primaries. Underneath the primaries are darker and the veins on both wings are shaded with red. Expanse $ 43 ^m. 9 51 mm.
Habitat : Castro, Parana.
This species is allied to P. despecta Walk.
52 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. iv.
Perophora pulverula, sp. nov.
Wings above gray finely and thinly speckled with black, a wavy basal brown line, and an outer very dentate brown line ; at the end of the cell two contiguous di- aphanous spots circled by a fine brown line ; fringe brown. Underneath paler with no basal line, and the outer line is closer to the margin and more lunular than den- late. Expanse 9 5o mm.
Habitat : Sfio Paulo, S. E. Brazil. Perophora grisea, sp. nov.
Body and wings above pale brownish gray, thinly speckled with black ; a mi- nute transparent spot at the end of the cell on the primaries; the outer line lunular, fine, dark gray, follower) by a brownish shade which widens towards the anal angle of the secondaries and is outwardly margined with a blackish line forming long projec- tions between the veins. Underneath pale brownish gray with an outer and a sub- marginal dentate blackish line. Expanse ^ 45 mm.
Habitat : Sao Paulo, S. E. Brazil. Perophora deprava, sp. nov.
Primaries acute, the outer margin convex opposite vein 3. Wings above light gray minutely speckled with black ; an indistinct gray transverse line at a third from the base on the primaries ; a black spot at the end of the cell ; the outer line dark, forming a black spot on the costal margin, then concave to vein 7 where it is rounded, and then wavy to the inner margin ; the fringe brownish gray. Underneath the wings are darker with the outer line finely dentate. Expanse $ 35 mm.
Habitat: Sao Paulo, S. E. Brazil. Perophora olivia, sp. nov.
Thorax pinkish brown. Abdomen olive brown with darker scales on the anal segment. The basal three-fourths of the wings olive brown, with a large round yel- low spot in the cell on the primaries. Two -nearl}' contiguous straight black lines, separated by a fine pinkish brown shade from the anal angle on. the secondaries, to vein 8 on the primaries, where the inner line forms an indistinct angle to the costal margin, and the outer line follows vein 8 to the outer margin, above which the costal margin and apex are dark brownish. The outer margins broadly pink shaded with olivaceous on the extreme margin. Underneath the same but paler. Expanse 42 mm.
Habitat : Columbia. Colabata dora, sp. nov.
Thorax grayish; abdomen yellowish brown irrorated with darker scales. Pri maries grayish thickly mottled with darker scales; tlie outer margin broadly yel- lowish, a very indistinct wavy basal line, a small yellowish spot containing a brown point in the cell ; an irregular outer wavy shade separating the darker portion of the wing from the yellowish outer margin ; a terminal lunular brown line ; the base and extremity of the fringe brownish. Secondaries light brown, somewhat yellowish on the outer margin ; a fine median transverse line and a broad submarginal brown shade. Underneath cream color with two median transverse brown lines and a ter- minal lunular line on the primaries. Expanse 50 mm.
June, 1896.] ScHAUS : New Species OF Heterocera. 53
Habitat : Sao Paulo, S. E. Brazil.
Closely allied to C. marginalis Walk. (Jiiieosa Wlk.), but darker and with the markings less distinct.
Apatelodes velutina, sp. nov.
Head and patagiaa violaceous gray, center of thorax very dark brown ; abdomen brown with grayish scales on the posterior portion of each segment. Primaries witli the basal portion light brown limited by a dark line, heaviest on the costal margin, slightly oblique to below vein 2, and then turning in to the inner margin, preceded on the inner margin near the base by a dark brown shade ; the median space velvety gray limited by a dark wavy outer line and containing an indistinct pale streak at the end of the cell; the outer margin gray mottled with reddish brown; a dark velvety brown spot on the costal margin near the apex, followed by two small transparent white spots. Secondaries reddish brown, much darker at the anal angle, above which is the commencement of a transverse line. Underneath the wings are dull reddish brown with a transverse whitish line crossing both wings. Expanse 9 3^ 'T^rn.
Habitat : Sao Paulo, S. E. Brazil. Apatelodes corema, sp. nov.
Body light brown with some gray scales on the patagise. Primaries light creamy brown; some grayish scales along the costal margin; a basal, indistinct, wavy gray line, followed on the inner margin by a large patch of gray scales ; the outer trans- verse line deeply wavy, outwardly shaded with pale scales and followed by two trans- parent spots between veins 4 and 5 and 5 and 6. Secondaries light reddish brow^n. Underneath light reddish brown ; an indistinct median transverse shade and an outer line, fine and straight on the primaries, but forming a series of black points on each vein on the secondaries. Expanse 9 43 "i'^''- Habitat : Sao Paulo, S. E. Brazil.
Apatelodes sericea, sp. nov.
Head dark brown. Thorax pale fawn color, the posterior portion dark velvety brown preceded by a fine transverse line. Abdomen brown, very dark dorsally at the base. Primaries above pale fawn color; a fine oblique line near the base from the costa to the submedian vein, below which is a broad dark shade resting on the inner margin and outwardly bordered by a fine grayish line; a wavy, narrow median transverse shade ; the outer line very fine and wavy with a dark point on each vein ; some brownish submarginal shades near the apex and a small transparent spot. Sec- ondaries brown, very dark on the inner margin ; an indistinct transverse pale line. Underneath fawn color shaded with brown at the apex of the primaries ; on the sec- ondaries a median brown spot and an outer grayish line ; some submarginal brown shades. Expanse $ 45 mm. 9 65 mm.
Habitat : Sao Paulo, S. E. Brazil.
Thelosia, gen. nov.
Antennce pectinated in the $ , pubescent in the 9 . Legs slightly hairy. Pri- maries with the costal margin slightly sinuate, acute at the apex, and the outer mar-
54 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi iv,
gin very convex at vein 5. Veins 6-io-stalked. Secondaries rounded in the ^, somewhat oblong in the 9 > the costal margin nearly straight ; neuration as in Co/a- bata Walk. = Dorisia Mosch.
Thelosia phalsena, sp. nov.
^ . dark reddish brown above without markings. Underneath d,uller brown with the costal margins of the primaries and secondaries entirely and thickly speck- led with chrome yellow scales ; a black point in the cells and an outer transverse brown line.
9 . Thorax violaceous gray. Abdomen reddish brown. Primaries above olive brown with two darker transverse lines, the inner one faintly curved, the outer one straight and parallel with the outer margin ; the base of the wings and the outer portion of the transverse lines heavily shaded with lilacine scales ; a cluster of similar scales in the cell. Secondaries light reddish brown with an indistinct spot in the eel! and an outer transverse darker line. Underneath yellowish brown ; a dark transverse streak in the cell and an outer brown line ; some lilacine scales at the apex of the primaries. Expanse $ 30 mm. $ 45 mm.
Habitat : Nova Friburgo, Brazil.
Thelosia camina, sp. nov.
9 . Thorax gray. Abdomen light brown. Primaries fawn color finely speck- led with brown ; an inner transverse brown line, and an outer similar line, slightly curved from the costa to vein 2, and then straight to the inner margin. Secondaries brownish at the base, fawn color on the outer portion ; an indistinct dark median line. Underneath grayish brown with an indistinct transverse line and minute spot in the cell. Expanse 38 mm.
Habitat'. Castro, Parana.
Closely allied to T. phaliEiia Schs. but with the outer line always different ; in one specimen the median space is heavily shaded with dark brown.
Thelosia truvena, sp. nov.
^ . Body light brown ; patagire and a transverse posterior line on each segment of the abdomen light gray. Primaries above brownish gray, finely speckled with darker scales ; a straight brown basal line followed by a brownish shade ; a minute brown spot in the cell, followed by a straight brown line ; an outer and a subtermi- nal very fine and indistinct brown line, between which the dark scales form an indis- tinct band. Secondaries light fawn color with two very indistinct transverse brownish lines. Underneath pale fawn color with a median transverse line, a minute brown spot in the cell and an outer wavy brown line on the secondaries. Expanse 30 mm.
Habitat : Sao Paulo, S. E. Brazil.
Thelosia tropea, sp. nov.
Thorax gray with a dorsal dark streak. Abdomen brownish shaded with gray posteriorly on the segments. Primaries gray ; a broad basal transverse angular brown band, and an outer band nearly straight on the inner side, but outwardly angular and followed by a very fine angular subterminal line ; in the cell a pale gray streak.
June, 1S96.] ScHAUs: New Species of Heterocera. 55
Secondaries light brown. Underneath primaries gray shaded with brown along the costa, and an indistinct subterminal line ; secondaries brownish with a median darker line. Expanse 28 mm.
Habitat : Castro, Parana.
Tarema, gen. nov.
Antennae pectinated as in Perophora. Primaries with the costal and outer margin slightly convex, the inner margin straight; veins 4, 5, 6 starting from disco- cellular ; 7 and 8 stalked from upper angle of cell ; a wide space between 8 and 9 ; Secondaries with the apex very rounded ; veins 3 and 4 from lower angle of cell ; 5 from middle ; 6 and 7 on short stalk from upper angle.
Tarema rivara, sp. nov.
^ . Abdomen reddish brown. Primaries gray along the costa, reddish on the inner margin above the inner angle and at the apex ; a whitish transverse outer line at two-thirds from the base, followed from the costa to the middle of the outer margin by a similar line ; an oblique dark spot circled with whitish in llie cell. Secondaries reddish ; a black spot in the cell and a black transverse median line ; the costa shaded with gray. Underneath mottled gray and dull red with a double, wavy, sub- marginal whitish line and the discal spots rather more conspicuous. Expanse 27 mm.
Habitat : Sao Paulo, S. E. Brazil.
What I believe to be the 9 of this species has the reddish shades replaced by dark brown.
Sibine extensa, sp. nov.
Head and thorax dark glossy brown nearly black. Abdomen light reddish brown. Primaries reddish brown darkest in the cell ; four-fifths of the costa, the median nervure broadly, and the fringe with a silky hue ; a single minute white spot beyond the cell. Secondaries light reddish brown with the fringe very dark at the anal angle. Underneath reddish brown. Expanse $ 38-46 mm. 9 54-64 nim.
Habitat: Jalapa, Mexico.
I have retained for this species a MSS. name given by the late Hy. Edwards.
Sibine plora, sp. nov.
$ . Body dark silky brown, the center of the thorax reddish. Primaries dark silky brown ; a streak below the median vein, one through the cell to the apex, and the outer margin dull reddish brown. Secondaries reddish brown, very dark on the inner margin, the veins somewhat paler. The 9 has a violaceous hue over the silky brown portion of the primaries, and the secondaries are light brown, with dark fringe. Expanse $ 34 mm. 9 45 ^"^•
Habitat : Aroa, Venezuela.
This species is allied to S. modes ta Cr., of which I have a good series from the same locality.
56 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. iv.
Sibine auromacula, sp. nov.
^ . Body dark silky brown. Primaries silky brown ; a large round and a small golden spot below the median vein, and three similar spots beyond the cell, the mid- dle one much the largest and s-shaped. Secondaries with the costal and inner mar- gins broadly dark brown, the rest of the wing white, transparent. Underneath dull brown, except the transparent portion of the secondaries. The 9 entirely light red- dish brown with the golden spots rather larger than in the ^. Expanse ^ 31 mm. 9 50 mm.
Habitat: Area, Venezuela; Pernambuco, Brazil, Aidos castrensis, sp. nov.
Head and thorax gray. Abdomen brownish. Primaries light gray, the inner margin brownish ; two dark indistinct spots near the base ; an outer interrupted blackish line, dentate on veins 3, 4 and 5 ; a terminal row of blackish points ; a short upright white line on the inner margin near the angle. Secondaries white faintly tinged with pink on the inner margin ; a terminal row of brown spots. Expanse 25 mm.
Habitat : Castro, Parana. Perola platona, sp. nov.
Dark reddish brown ; primaries with some still darker indistinct basal streaks extending to the end of the cell ; an indistinct dark shade from the apex to the mid- dle of the inner margin. Expanse 35 mm.
Habitat: Aroa, Venezuela.
Veins 2 and 3 on the primaries, also 7, 8 and 9 are stalked as in Perola murina, Walk. The following species should be placed in the genus Perola: Trabala drucei Schs., T. brumalis Schs., T. circiir Schs., T. riibe7is Schs., T. driiceoides Dogn., Asbolia sericea ]\Iosch.
Perola sucia, sp. nov.
Body brownish yellow, the patagi^e violaceous gray. Primaries fawn color thickly mottled with grayish scales ; a median transverse darker shade consisting of blotches of gray scales ; an outer irregular row of small dark gray spots, and a few similar spots below the apex on the outer margin ; the extreme margin finely brown. Secondaries brownish yellow. Underneath brownish yellow without markings. Ex- panse 30 mm.
Habitat : Rio Janeiro and Sao Paulo, Brazil. Closely allied to Perola subpitnctata Walk.
Prolimacodes, gen. nov.
Differs from Eiilimacodes in having vein 10 arise from the cell.
Prolimacodes triangulifera, sp. nov.
Body brown. Wings the same shade with a fine white line extending a short distance along the costa from the base, descending from the middle of vein i b and
June, 1896.] ScHAUS : New Species of Heterocera. 57
tlien faintly sinuate to the apex ; the portion enclosed by this line is heavily shaded with darker brown. Expanse 30 mm.
Habitat : Jalapa, Mexico.
This species strongly resembles E. scapha Harris.
Dalcera obscura, sp. nov.
Dark golden brown, the costal margin of the secondaries somewhat paler. Ex- panse 21 mm.
Habitat : Sao Paulo, S. E. Brazil.
Dalcera citrina, sp. nov.
Entirely pale lemon color. Expanse 17 mm. . Habitat: Trinidad, B. W. I.
Eupoeya jamaicensis, sp, nov.
Primaries above silvery white. Secondaries light gray, darker along the outer margin. Underneath primaries grayish with the veins white, and a terminal dark gray line. Secondaries below white with the outer margin dark gray. Expanse 17 mm.
Habitat : Jamaica, B. W. I.
The neuration of this species agrees with Eupoeya nivalis Pack.
Cyclara, gen. nov.
Wings short and rounded. Primaries — vein 3 from lower angle of cell ; 4 and 5 from angle in discocellular; 7, 8, 9 from very long stalk at upper angle of cell 10 also from upper angle of cell. Secondaries with veins 3 and 4 from lower angW of cell ; 5 and 6 from discocellular ; 7 from upper angle. Antennns pectinated.
Cyclara ovata, sp. nov.
Wings rather diaphanous brownish gray. Primaries with a darker basal shade and a median transverse dentate and irregular brown line outwardly edged with white, which is more distinct on the inner half of the wing ; a small subapical dark brown spot. Expanse 19 mm.
Habitat : Sao Paulo, S. E. Brazil.
Carama flavescens, sp. nov.
Body and primaries yellowish white. Secondaries white. The wings rather thinly scaled. Expanse 40 mm.
Habitat : Sao Paulo, S. E. Brazil. Carama grisea, sp. nov.
Head and thorax brownish white. Abdomen grayish brown. Wings grayish brown, a white spot at the end of the cell on the primaries. Expanse $ 32 mm. Habitat : Sao Paulo, S. E. Brazil.
Carama parva, sp. nov.
Entirely pure milky white. Expanse 9 30 mm. Habitat: Castro, Parana.
68 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. iv.
Trochuda impura, sp. nov.
Head and thorax yellowish. Abdomen white, subdorsally fawn color. Pri- maries whitish yellow ; two oblique parallel brownish lines, one at a third from the base, the other from the apex to the middle of the inner margin. Secondaries white. Expanse f 43 rniri-
Habitat : Sao Paulo, S. E. Brazil.
Megalopyge lapena, sp. nov.
Body whitish gray, with indistinct transverse brown shades. Primaries very pale brownish gray, whiter beyond the cell and between the veins near the outer margin ; at the end of the cell a small reddish brown spot ; below the median vein a large reddish brown spot composed of long crinkly scales. Secondaries and under- neath yellowish white. Expanse $ 35 mm.
Habitat : Jalapa, Mexico. Megalopyge fieldia, sp. nov.
$. Head white, brown behind. Collar white anteriorly, brown posteriorly. Thorax brown edged with white in front and with two white tufts posteriorly. Abdomen brown with a subdorsal row of white tufts. Primaries Mith the basal half brown except the costa which is white with a few long brown streaks; a dark brown spot at the end of the cell ; the outer half of the wing brown with the veins whit.sh and two transverse white lines breaking the brown up into irregular spots; there are also some white longitudinal streaks between the veins on the outer margin. Secondaries brown ; white at the base of the costal margin ; some whitish spots on the fringe. Underneath brown, some ; white marginal streaks ; the inner margin of the primaries broadly white. Expanse 45 mm.
Habitat: Sao Paulo, S. E. Brazil. Megalopyge vipera, sp. nov.
5 . Head brown. Collar white. Thorax brown. Abdomen brown with a few grayish scales subdorsally. Primaries brown, the basal two-thirds with crinkly white scales along the costa, and transverse brownish streaks to the inner margin, and a dark brown spot at the end of the cell as in M. albicollis Walk. ; the outer margin broadly grayish brown without markings. Secondaries grayish brown. Underneath dull brown. Expanse 53 mm.
Habitat : Sao Paulo, S. E. Brazil.
This species is very closely allied to Jlf. albicollis Walk., which is placed by Kirby as a synonym of M. nuda Stoll, but M. niida is quite distinct, as I have seen specimens in the collection of Mr. Ober- thiir which agree perfectly with StoU's really excellent figure.
Megalopyge trujillo, sp. nov.
$. Head cream color; palpi black. Body brown. Primaries brownish gray ; a large white spot at the base, a smaller one at the end of the cell connected with the basal spots by a white line; an outer transverse irregular white band i;etv\een which
June. 1896] ScHAUS : New Species OF Heterocera. 59
and the median nervure the veins are whitish ; fringe cream color. Secondaries creamy with the veins and some scales at the base darker.
9 . Almost entirely smoky brown ; the fringe cream color ; at the base and near the apex of the primaries some white scales ; the median space mottled with blackish crinkly scales. Expanse $ 34 mm. 9 5° "^^■
Habitat : Orizaba, Mexico.
Named after my assistant collector, Mateo Trujillo,
Citheronia aroa, sp. nov.
Head and thorax reddish, the latter yellow beneath the patagias. Abdomen red with transverse yellow bands. Primaries above mouse gray ; a bright yellow spot at the base ; an orange spot in the cell and a large similar spot below the me- diart vein ; an outer row of orange spots from near the apex to the inner margin, fol- lowed by a broad irregular orange band. Secondaries orange, shaded with red at the base ; a red spot in the cell and a narrow transverse dark red line, shaded with gray at the anal angle. Underneath the markings are the same as in C. inexicana Grote & Rob., to which this species comes nearest. Expanse ^ 85 mm.
Habitat : Aroa, Venezuela.
Citheronia azteca, sp. nov.
Head red with some white hairs under the antennse. Collar white, broadly margined with red posteriorly. Thorax red with three yellow lines. Abdomen red ; a large white subdorsal spot at the base and a fine yellowish band posteriorly on each segment. Primaries gray with all the veins broadly red ; at the base two creamy spots ; a similar spot at the end of the cell and an outer row of transverse creamy spots between the veins; fringe on the inner margin red. Secondaries above bright yellow, the veins red ; a large red space at the base and a red spot at the end of the ■cell ; a transverse narrow gray shade to the anal angle and some grayish spots be- tween the veins on the outer margin. In the 9 t'le secondaries have the yellow replaced by gray with two wavy yellow transverse bands. Expanse $ 105 mm. 9 loS mm.
Habitat : Jalapa, Mexico.
Allied to C. splendens Druce, but quite distinct.
Adelocephala acuta, sp. nov.
Body pinkish fawn color. Primaries very acute at the apex, reddish fawn color shaded with lilacine at the base and on the outer margin ; two fine transverse brown lines, one from near the middle of the costa to the inner margin at a third from the base, the other from the apex to the inner margin at two-thirds from the base ; in the cell an indistinct grayish spot containing a minute white point. Secondaries reddish fawn color with a large cluster of dark red hairs on the inner margin. Underneath the primaries are orange with a triangular gray tpace occupying the outer margin and a large black spot with a white point at the end of the cell. Secondaries fawn color with an indistinct transverse line. Expanse $ 55 mm.
Habitat : Aroa, Venezuela.
60 Journal New York Entomological Society. [v6i. iv.
Heliconisa catherina, sp. nov.
Body fawn color ; antennte black. Wings with the basal two-thirds fawn color, becoming diaphanous outwardly ; the outer third of the wings black with some indis- tinct brownish r.treaks between the veins ; a brownish spot at the end of the cells. Expanse ^ loo mm.
Habitat : Santa Catherina, S. E. Brazil.
Dirphia bertha, sp. nov.
Head reddish. Thorax black, the patagiae edged with yellow. Abdomen red in the $ , brownish in the J • Primaries above very dark gray ; all the veins orange edged on either side with pale yellow ; a yellowish streak in the cell, and another between the median and submedian veins ; at the end of the cell a small dark red spot circled with black. Secondaries in the $ red with long yellow hairs at the base ; the outer margin black interrupted by yellow veins ; fringe yellow ; a large black spot with a brownish centre crossed by a white line at the end of the cell. In the 9 the secondaries are pinkish shading to gray on the outer margin, \vhere the veins are tinged with yellow ; the discal spot as in the male. Underneath the wings are dull gray in the J with yellowish veins ; in the $ the primaries below are red and the disc of the secondaries yellowish with broad black margins, all the veins be- ing yellowish. Expanse $ 88 mm. J 74 n^"^-
Habitat : Castro, Parana.
I name this beautiful species Bertha in honor of the wife of E. D. Jones, Esq., who has done so much to give us a knowledge of the fauna of Southeast Brazil.
Dirphia taglia, sp. nov.
Head and thorax brown, the latter with a few white hairs. Abdomen red dorsally, whitish laterally and underneath. Primaries brown ; near the base three lilacine transverse bands ; a dark spot in the cell ; a dentate outer brown line shaded on either side with lilacine ; a subterminal brownish indistinct line beyond which the outer margin is lilacine gray. Secondaries brown with an outer and a submarginal wavy lilacine band ; at the end of the cell a large dark spot containing some lighter scales and circled with yellow. Underneath light brown, both wings crossed by an outer lilacine band and the outer margins are broadly lilacine. Expanse 9 74 mm.
Habitat : Sao Paulo, S. E. Brazil. Allied to Dirphia perdix Massn.
June, 1896.] Packard: Phosphorescent Organs of Insects.
61
THE PHOSPHORESCENT ORGANS OF INSECTS.
By a. S. Packard.
The nature of the phosphorescent organs and their physiology has never seriously engaged the attention of students in this country, and I have thought that some account compiled from the latest and best re- searches might stimulate inquiry in this country, where fire-flies are universally common.
Phosphorescence is not infrequent in the Protozoa, Ccelenterates, Worms, and has been observed in the bivalve Pholas, in a few abyssal Crustacea, in Myriopods {Geophtiits), in an Ascidian, Pyrosoma, and in certain deep-sea fishes.
In insects luminosity is mostly confined to a few Coleoptera, and besides the well-known fire-flies, an Indian Buprestid {Buprestis ocel- lata) is said to be phosphorescent; also a Telephorid larva. Other luminous insects are the Poduran Anurophorus, Fulgora, and certain Diptera (^Ciilex and Tyreophora).
The seat of the light is the intensely luminous areas situated either in the head (Fulgora), in the abdomen (Lampyridae), or in the thorax (in a few Elateridae of the genus Pyrophorus). The luminous or photo- genic organ is regarded by Wielowiejsky and also by Emery as morpho- logically a specialized portion of the fat-body, being a plate consisting of polygonal cells, situated directly under the integument, and supplied with nerves and fine tracheal branches.
P -,.■
Fig. A. Sagittal section through the hinder end of a male Luciola ; the organs above the phosphorescent plate only drawn in outline, s, integument of the last segment, somewhat removed by the section-knife from the phosphorescent tissues.
62 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. iv.
d, dorsal layer of the phosphorescent plate penetrated by irregular tracheal branches, and rendered opake by numerous urate concretions imbedded in it ; v, ventral phos- phorescent layer of the plate, with perpendicular tracheal stems whose branches, where they pass into capillaries bear lumps which stain brown with osmic acid. ;;, struct- urless substance ( coagulum ? ) filling the end of the last ventral segment. B. Iso- lated portion of the ventral layer of the phosphorescent plate, tr. tracheal stem sur- rounded by a cylindrical lobe; /, parenchym cell attached to the cylinder; c, capil. lary, without the spiral threads ; m, coagulum stained brown. C. a tracheal stem of the ventral layer : at the fork of the brown-stained capillaries are lumps stained brown with osmic acid. D. a part of C. more highly magnified showing the remains of the tracheal end-cells ( tc ) enveloping the brown lumps ( vi ) — after Emery.
In Liiciola as well as in other fire-flies, including Fyrophori/s, the phosphorescent organ or plate consists, as first stated by KoUiker, of two layers lying one over the other a dorsal one {d.) which is opake, chalky white, and non-photogenic, and a lower one (^'.), the active photogenic layer, which is transparent. Through the upper or opake layer and on its dorsal surface extend large tracheae and their horizontal branches, from which arise numerous very fine branches which pass down perpendicu- larly into the transparent or photogenic layer of the organ. Each tracheal stem, together with its short branches is enveloped by a cylin- drical mass of transparent tissue, so that only the short terminal branches or very fine tracheal capillaries project on the upper part of the cylinder. These finest tracheal capillaries are not in Liicioia filled with air, but with a colorless fluid, as was also found by VVielowiejsky and others in Lampyris.
These transparent cylinders, with the tracheae within, forming longitudinal axes, resemble lobules. These lobules are so distributed that they appear on a surface section of this plate as numerous round areas in which circular periphery the tracheal capillaries are arranged with the axially disposed tracheal end-cells. These " tracheal end-cells " are only membranous enlargements at the base of the tracheal capillar- ies ( Wielowiejsky). The cylindrical lobules are separated from each other by a substance consisting of abundant large granular cells (par- enchym cells ) among which project the tracheal capillaries. The cyl- indrical lobules extend to the hypodermis and come in contact only by their lateral faces with the parenchym.
The structure of the upper opake chalky white layer of the phos- phorescent organ is, compared with that of the photogenic lower por- tion, very simple. In its loose, pappose, mass are no cellular elements, but when treated with different reagents it is seen to be filled with countless urate granules (guanine) swimming in the fluid it contains,
June, 1896 ] Packard : Phosphorescent Organs of Insects. 63
the cell plasma appearing to be dissolved, the cells having lost their cohesion.
In comparing the phosphorescent plate or organ of Liiciola with that of Lampyris, the general structure, including the clear cell ele- ments of the cylindrical lobules, which envelop the perpendicular tra- cheal twigs and their branches, and also the granular parenchymatous cells are alike in both, though the arrangement and distribution of the ele- ments in Luciola is more regular^ in Lampyris the tracheal stems being irregularly scattered through the parenchym.
Wielowiejsky found in the larval and female Lampyris a higher degree of differentiation than in the male, and Luciola has a more dif- ferentiated photogenic organ than Lampyris, as seen in the more regu- lar structure of the lobules.
As regards the light apparatus of Pyrophorus, or the cucujo, Heinemann shows and that as in the Lampyrid^e, it consists of distinct cells may be regarded as a glandular structure. It is rich in tracheae and the other parts already described. In still later researches on a Bra- zilian Pyrophorus Wielowiejsky shows that the phosphorescent plate consists of two layers, the upper usually being filled with crystalline urate concretions, and entirely like those of the Lampyridse, consisting of distinct polygonal cells, among which are numerous tracheal stems, with taenidia, and coursing in different directions, when freshly filled w'ith air, and sending capillaries into the underlying photogenic layer. The latter shows in its structure a striking difference in the cellular ar- rangement from that of Lampyrids. In the upper or non-photogenic layer are tracheal capillaries which pass down into the underlying cellu- lar plate and which are in the closest possible relations with the single cells, a point overlooked by Heinemann.
Physiology of the Phosphorescence.
As is well known, the phosphorescence of animals is a scintillating or glowing light emitted by various forms, the greenish light or lumi- nous appearance thus produced being photogenic, /. <?., without sensi- ble heat.
Langley rates the light of the firefly at an efficiency of 100 per cent., all its radiations lying within the limits of the visible spectrum. " Langley has shown that while only 2.4 per cent, of luminous waves are contained in the radiation of a gas-flame, only 10 per cent, in that of the electric arc, and only 35 per cent, in that ot the sun, the radia- tion of the fire-fly {Pyrophorus noctilucus^ consists wholly of visible wave-frequencies." (Barker's Physics, p. 385.)
64 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. iv.
The spectrum of the light of the cucujo was found by Pasteur to be continuous. (C. R. French Acad. Sc. 1864, ii, p. 509.) A later ex- amination by Aubert and Dubois, showed that the spectrum of the light, examined by the spectroscope is very beautiful, but destitute of dark bands. When, however, the intensity diminishes, the red and orange disappear, and the green and yellow only remain.
Heinemann studied the cucujo at Vera Cruz, Mexico. At night in a dark room it radiates a pale green light which shows a blue tone to the exclusion of any other light. The more gas or lamp light there is present, the more apparent becomes the yellowish green hue, which in clear daylight changes to an almost pure very light yellow Avith a very slight mixture of green. " In the morning and evening twilight, more constantly and clearly in the former, the cucujo light, at least to my eyes, is an intensely brilliant yellow with a slight mixture of red. In a dark room lighted with a sodium light the yellow tone entirely disap- pears; on the other hand the blue strikingly increases." As regards the spectrum he found that almost exactly half of the blue end is want- ing and that the red part is also a little narrower than in the spectrum of the petroleum flame.
Prof. C. A. Young states that the spectrum given by our common firefly (^Photinus ? ) is perfectly continuous, without trace of lines either bright or dark. " It extends from a little above Fraunhofer's line C, in the scarlet, to about F in the blue, gradually fading out at the extremi- ties. It is noticeable that precisely this portion of the spectrum is com- posed of rays, which while they more powerfully than any others affect the organs of vision, produce hardly any thermal or actinic effect. In other words, very little of the energy expended in the flash of the fire is wasted. It is quite different with our artificial methods of illumination. In the case of an ordinary gas light the best experiments show that not more than one or two per cent, of the radiant energy consists of visible rays; the rest is either invisible heat or actinism ; that is to say, over 98 per cent, of the gas is wasted in producing rays that do not help in making objects visible." (Amer. Nat. iii, 1870, p. 615).
Panceri also remarks that while in the spectroscope the light of some Ch?etopteri, Beroeand Pyrosoma, exhibit one broad band like that given by monochromatic light, that of Lawpyi-is and Luciola is poly- chromatic (Amer. Nat. vii, 1873, p. 314-)
The physiology of insect-phosphorescence is thus briefly stated by Lang : " The cells of this luminous organ secrete, under the control of the nervous system, a substance which is burnt during the appearance of the light ; this combustion takes place by means of the oxygen con-
June, 1896.] Packari* : Phosphorescent Organs of Insects. 65
veyed to the cells of the luminous body by the tracheae, which branch profusely in it and break up into capillaries."
Emery states that the males of Lucioia display their light in two ways. When at night time they are active or flying the light is given out at short and regular intervals, causing the well-known sparkling or scintillating light. If we catch a flying Lucioia or pull apart one rest- ing in the day time, or cut off its hind body, it gives out a tolerably strong light, though not nearly reaching the intensity of the light-waves of the sparkling light. In this case the light is constant, yet we notice, especially in the wounded insect, that the phosphorescent plate in its whole extent is not luminous, but glows at different places as if phos- phorescent clouds passed over it.
It is self-evident that a microscopic observation of the light of the glow-worm or fire-fly is not possible, but an animal while giving out its light, or a separated abdomen, may readily be placed under the micro- scope and observed under tolerably high powers. By making the ex- periment in a rather dark room Emery saw clear shining rings on a dark background. " All the rings are not equally lighted. Comparing this with the results of anatomical investigation, and it is seen that the rings of light correspond with the previously described circular tracheal capil- laries, /. e., the limits between the tracheal-cell cylinder and the paren- chym-cells. The parenchym-cells are never stained of a deep brown ; this proves that its plasma may be the seat of the light-producing oxy- dation. Hence this process of oxydation takes place in the upper surface of the parenchym-cells, but outside of their own substance. The parenchym-cells in reality secrete the luminous matter; this is taken up by the tracheal end-cells and burnt or oxydized by means of the oxygen present in the tracheal capillaries. Such a combustion can only take place when the chitinous membrane of the tracheae is extraordinarily fine and easily penetrable, as is the case in the capillaries of the photo- genic plate ; therefore the plasma of the tracheal cells only oxydizes at the forking of the terminal tracheal twigs and in the capillaries." (Emery.)
The color of the light of Lucioia is identical in the two sexes, and the intensity is much the same, though that of the female is more re- stricted. The rhythm of the flashes of light given out by the male is more rapid, and the flashes briefer, while those of the female are longer, more tremulous and appear at longer intervals.
Emery then asks : What is the use of this luminosity ? Is it only to allure the females of Lucioia, which are so much rarer than the males ? Contrary to the general view that it is an alluring act, he thinks that phosphorescence is a means of defense, or a warning or danger-signal
66 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. iv.
against insectivorous nocturnal animals. If we dissect or crush a Liiciola it gives out a disagreeable cabbage-like smell, and perhaps this is suffi- cient to render it inedible to bats or other nocturnal animals. An acrid taste they certainly do not possess.
It has long been known that the eggs of fire-flies, both Lampyridae and Pyrophoriis, are luminous. Both Newport and more recently Wie- lowiejsky attributes the luminosity not to the contents of the egg, but to the portions of the fat-body cells or fluid covering on the outside of the eggs, due to ruptures of the parts within the body of the female during oviposition. The larvae at different ages are also luminous.
The position of the luminous organs changes with age. In the larvae of Pyrophoriis before moulting, according to Dubois, the luminous organs are situated only on the ventral side of the head and prothoracic segment. In larvae of the second stage there are added three shining spots on each of the first eight abdominal segments, and a single lumin- ous spot on the last segment. These spots are arranged in a linear series and thus form three luminous cords. In the adult beetles there is a luminous spot in the middle of the first abdominal sternite, but the greatest amount of light is produced by the two vesicles on the hinder part of the prothorax, the position of which varies according to the species.
Literature.
Peters, W. — Ueber das Leuchten tier Lampyris italica. (Miiller's Archiv f. Anatomie, 1841, p. 229-233.)
Kolliker, A. — Die Leuchtorgane von Lampyris, eine vorlaufige mittheilung. (Verhandl. d. phys. medizin. Gesellsch. Wiirzburg, 1857, viii, p. 217-224.)
Schultze, Max. — Ueber den Bau der Leuchtorgane der Mannchen von Lampyris spleitdidtila. (Sitzber. d. niederrhein. Gesellsch. f. Natur. u. Heilkunde zu Bonn, 1864, Sep. p. 7.)
Zur Kenntniss der Leuchtorgane von Lampyris splendidnla. (Archiv
f. mikroskop. Anat. 1865, i, p. 124-137, 2 pi.)
Wielowiejsky, H. Ritter von. — Studien iiber die Lampyriden. (Zeits. f. wissens. Zool. 1882, xxxvii, pp. 354-428, 2 pi.)
Emery, Carlo. — Untersuchungen iiber Liiciola italica L. (Zeits. f. wis- sens. Zool. 1884, xl, pp. 338-355, I pi.)
La luce della Liiciola italica osservata col microscopic. (Bull. Soc.
Ent. Ital. Anno 17, 1885, pp. 351-355, i pi.)
Heinemann, C. — Zur Anatomic und Physiologic der Leuchtorgane Mexikan- ischer Cucujos, Pyrophorus. (Archiv f. mikroskop. Anat. 1886, xxvii, pp. 296-383.)
Dubois, R. — Contribution a I'etude de la production de la lumiere par les etres vivants. Les Elaterides lumineux. (Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1886, Annee ii, pp. 1-275, 9 pl-)
Wielowiejsky, H. Ritter von. — Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Leuchtorgane der Insekten. (Zool. Anzeiger, 1889, Jahrg. xii, pp. 594-600.)
June, iSgo.] WeBSTER : NORTH AMERICAN SpECIES OF DiABROTICA. 67
THE PROBABLE ORIGIN AND DIFFUSION OF
NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF THE
GENUS DIABROTICA.— II.
By F. M. Webster. /
Since the publication of my paper in No. 4, Vol. Ill, of the Jour- nal, a considerable amount of information relative to the subject has since either been communicated to me, or placed at my disposal where I did not before feel at liberty to use in print. I have, therefore, thought best to add this supplementary note, including in it a few correc- tions.
Professor Cockerell has very kindly prepared the following table illustrating the position of his D. vittata var. incerta, Ckll. found by him from Mesilla Valley southward to Juarez, Mexico, opposite El Paso, Texas, on the Rio Grande :
A. Antennce with the three basal joint pale.
a. " Legs yellow, the knees, anterior tihic^ and tarsi, and the tips of the middle and posterior tibi^ and their tarsi, piceous." (Horn). vittata Fab.
b. Legs more or less darkened, but basal third of anterior femora, and basal two-thirds of middle and posterior femora, and hind tibia; more or less in mid- dle, yellow. vittata var. incerta Ckll.
B. Antennre all black. Legs all black except bases of femora, trivittata Mann.
In regard to the distribution of these in the valley of the Rio Grande, Prof. Cockerell gives me the following table :
[Santa Fe, D. iz-punctata, (i specimen not taken by himself).
i Gallinas Canon, D. atripeiniis, (reported by the Snow party).
*5,0OO " Albuquerque, -i D. longicornis.
*5,ooo " Socorro, I D. 12-punctata, . . D. leiimiscata. Collected by Prof.
3,000 " Mesilla Valley, J Wickham, at Alberquerque.
,, . ) Z>. tricincta.
*3, " Juarez, Mexico, - „ .
\ D. vittata var. incerta.
The occurrence at Gallinas Cafion should have been credited to Prof. Snow and not to Prof. Cockerell. Prof. Wickham calls my at- tention to the fact of Dr. Horn's having observed a close resemblance between Andrector d-pimctataYioxw, and Dlabrotica 12-pitnctata Oliv., while he had himself confused a second species of Andrector with Dlabrotica tricincta Say, and placed them in his collection as all be-
* These records of elevations are supplied by myself and taken from surveys made by the U. S. Geological Survey and published in 1S90. The elevation of Juarez, Mex., opposite El Paso, Tex., is but little less than 3,800 ft.
68 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. iv.
longing to the latter species. Andrector is placed in the same sub-tribe as Cerotoma and Diabrotica, which would rather oppose the idea of a protective mimicry, though by no means disproving it. We simply need more information in regard to the matter as all may be alike inedil)le. Since my paper was published, I have found the larvae of Dia- h'otica vittata so excessively abundant in some greenhouses near Cincin- nati, as to entirely ruin the cucumber vines being grown therein. The date of my observations was December 28, and at that time I found adults, and larvce from one-half to two-thirds grown, but mostly the former.
ON THE PROBABLE ORIGIN OF THE PERICOP- IDiE: COMPOSIA FIDELISSIMA H.-S.
By Harrison G. Dyar, A. M., Ph.D.
The Pericopidas are a tropical American family of moths with the venation of Noctuidoe, most allied in their colors, perhaps, to the Diop- tidse. Three genera occur in our fauna, Gnophcela, Composia and Daritis.
In placing the North American families in systematic position on their larval characters, I was able to show from the writings of Bruce and Cockerell that the abdominal tubercles of Gnophcela were the same as in the Arctiidte ; but was unable to get further in the absence of ma- terial and the unfortunate brevity of the published descriptions. Now, however, I have obtained many larv^ of Composia, and have been able to rear them by the kind assistance of Mr. F. Kinzel. They were found on the vines of Echites iimbellata ( determined by Mr. Kinzel ) at Palm Beach, Florida, during the Christmas holidays. Composia is a moderately specialized Pericopid type, and its larvae may be supposed to be characteristic of the family. The following are the larval char- acters :
Warts many haired, simple, not tufted, the arrangement as in the Arctiidae, but with a distinct tendency to the coalescence of the two upper warts on the meso- and post-thoracic segments. Primitive first stage present, wart formation not highly specialized, head setae very simple, no secondary hair formation. Body long, cylindrical, Noctui- dous rather than Arctiiform, joint 12 slightly enlarged.
June, iS/n] DyaR : On THE OrIGIN OF PeRICOPID/E. 69
As to the origin of this family, three alternatives seem possible : (i) from the Arctiidas (2) from the NoctuidK (3) from the Dioptidai.
(I). This alternative seemed to me at first sight most plausible. However, the subcostal vein of secondaries in the Pericopidai is free from the radius and the wart formation of the larva is of a simple type. Therefore, if of Arctiid origin, they are a branch representing a more generalized type than the present Arctiidte. But no confirmatory evi- dence for this possible origin occurs to me.
(2). By pushing the origin a little further back, we reach a deriva- tion from the Noctuida^. This involves an independent wart formation from that in the Arctiidse ; that is that we may suppose that the Arcti- idae and Pericopidse arose simultaneously, or nearly so, from Nociuid ancestors, but independently and with separate larval wart formation, the Pericopidse remaining the more generalized. I do not think of any confirmatory evidence for this view.
(3). The Pericopidae and Dioptidge differ in that in the former cubitus is four-branched while three-branched in the latter. This dis- tinction is not sharp, since in Gonora heliconiata ( a Pericopid ) vein 5 arises only a short distance below the fold representing media. In Di- optis pheloides, Fhryganidia calif ornica and Tithraiistes haemoti (Diop- tidae ), vein 5 is a distinct continuation of medial fold. The families almost intergrade, as the confusion in the genera in Kirby's catalogue bears witness.
The larvae of the Dioptidce ( only known to me in Phryganidia ) have single Noctuidous setce. To derive the Pericopidce from them, we must suppose an independent wart formation analogous to that of the Apatelidse from the Noctuidse or the Eupterotidte from the Notodonti- d£e, but simpler than either.
Now as confirmatory evidence, we have in the moths the marked similarity in build and pattern of coloration ; also a tendency in both families to the coalescence of veins 3 and 4, not seen in the Noctuid^ and Arctiidae. The Noctuid habitus of the larva is also equally con- sonant with an origin from the generalized Noctuiform Dioptid larva as from any existing type of the Noctuidae.
I think that we may conclude, therefore, that the Pericopidse are a family representing a specialized form of Dioptidae, with independent moving of vein 5 toward 4 and wart formation in the larvae. Their geographical distribution is also in favor of this conclusion, since, being confined to x^merica, their origin from the strictly American Dioptids is more reasonable than from either of the world wide Noctuidce or Arctiidae.
10 Journal New York Entomological Society. [voi. iv.
Finally a word concerning the origin of the Dioptidce to trace the ancestry a step further. In this Journal (Vol. iii, p. 30-32), Dr. Packard argues for the derivation from a common ancestor of the " Geometrids, Dioptids, Hypsids and Syntomids "= Euchroraiidae. It is true he makes this ancestor to be the Lithosiidas, why I am unable to imagine. We have no evidence of the extensive degeneration which is implied in deriving the simple Geometrids and Hypsids (a low Noctuidous type) from the highly specialized Lithosiida;, with their four-branched cubitus and modified wart formation in the larvae. To my mind, the present group nearest to the ancestral form of the Noc- tuina (which includes the four families mentioned by Dr. Packard) is the Notodontidce.^^ We see in them a combination of the generalized position of vien 5 with the single haired tubercle of the larva. The two families next nearest this stem are the Dioptidce on one side and the Geometridce on the other. Therefore I agree with Dr. Packard's main proposition, and we may derive the Dioptid?e from low on the main stem of the Noctuina, near the ancestors of the Geometrids, as illustrated in the genealogical tree shown on the accompanying plate (Plate III,
fig- 9)-
COMPOSIA FIDELISSIMA: ITS LIFE HISTORY.
1S66— Herrich-Schafter, Cor. Blatt. Reg. XX, 131.
1867 — Grote, Proc. Ent. Soc. Thil. VI, 303.
1890— Dyar, Ent. News, I, 105.
1891— Dyar, Ent. News, II, 50.
1892— Kiiby, Cat. Lep. Het. I, 190.
1894— Neumoegen & Dyar, Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc. II, 26.
Coniposia olympia BuTLER.
1871— Butler, Ann. Nat. Hist. (4) VIII, 290.
1884 — Druce, Biol. Cent. Am. pi. 11, fig. i.
1890 — French, Ent. News, I, 153, fig.
Eggs. — Large, spherical, except for the flattened base; deep ocher yellow, slightly shining. Diameter 1.3 mm.; height .9 mm. The reticulations are small, rounded hexagonal, visible under a half inch objective. (Plate III, fig. i). Twenty-four eggs were found on the back of a single leaf, irregularly distributed and rather remote from each other.
Stage I. — Head rounded, shining, concolorous with the body; width .5 mm. Body dull orange, segments 5-6, 9-1 1 reddish purple;
* In some characters the Dioptids themselves are more generalized than the Notodontidce, e. g., the presence of traces of a third anal vein in hind wings as shown by Prof. Comstock ; but on the whole they must rank a little higher.
June, 1896.] DVAR : On THE OrIGIN OF PeRICOPID/E. 71
warts dusky, those on the purple segments blue-black ; thoracic feet and leg plates black ; hair black, strong and stiff, singly from the warts, spinulated and pointed. The arrangement of the tubercles is normal for the primitive first stage of the Noctuina, (Plate III, fig. 2).
S/age II. — Head .8 mm. Warts many haired, the hairs black ex- cept a pair of long white ones which overhang the head, arising from the upper wart on joint 3. The warts have a central hair and radiating crown of secondary hairs except iv, which is single haired. Wart vi present, large. On the thorax there are two warts above the stigmatal wart closely approximated. The coloration is as before.
Stage III. — Head i.i mm. The dark segments of the body are mottled by the general orange tint ; otherwise as before. This differs from the next stage in being more decidedly orange, the blackish shad- ings more livid.
Stage IV. — Head 1.6 mm. Like the mature larva.
Stage V. — Head 2.2 mm. No change except in size.
Stage VI. — Head 2.8 mm. From the width of the head this is an interpolated stage, but it was persistently passed through by all the larvge observed at first. Later some examples of a brood omitted it and in these the width of head in Stage V was about 2.5 mm
Stage VII. — General appearance beautiful bright crimson and shin- ing violet blue, sparsely hairy. Head and body crimson red, not shin- ing ; warts shining red, certain of them shining violet-blue, the areas around these warts discolored, blackish. Spiracles pale orange. On joints 2 to 4, only the two lowest warts bluish ; on 5, 6, 9, 10 and 11 all the warts blue, the blackish shades predominating subdorsally ; on joints 7, 8 and 12 warts iv to vi bluish. This distribution of color is subject to some variation. Hairs sparse, only 8-10 to a wart, stiff, barbuled, rather short, black; from wart i on joint 3 and from i on joint 13 a single stiff white hair, four times as long as any other, projects forward and back, probably serving as a tactile organ. In many instances one or both of the posterior hairs are missing. Warts i to vi and leg-plate normal, iv rather small ; on joint 3, i and iia nearly fused but separable, more remote on 4; Wh rudimentary, a single hair; iii a single hair; iv + v and vi normal warts ; on joint 2, hairs from the anterior and posterior edges of cervical shield, a wart before the spiracle and a sub- ventral wart. Head set?e simple (Plate III, fig. 4); width 3.2 — 3.4 mm. The mature larva is figured on the plate (fig. 3).
Cocoon. — This can scarcely be called such. It consists of a few threads which serve to entangle the hooks on the head and cremaster.
72 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. iv.
Pupa. — (Plate III, fig. 5). Cases large, compacted, a large prom- inent knob at the base of the wing case; abdomen small, conically tapering, but enlarged on the dorsal side toward the base ; three move- able incisures. The lines of the wing veins and the abdominal segments are marked by punctures. Corresponding to the position of the larval warts and to the legs are a series of tufts of flattened straw-colored scales. Two pairs of hooks on the head (Plate III, fig. 8), and many strong ones on the cremaster (Plate III, fig. 7). The color is a rich mahogany red with blue and violet shadings especially on the wing cases. Length 20, width 7 mm.
Food Plant. — The leaves oi Echiies umbellata. Kindly determined by Mr. F. Kinzel, to whom I am also indebted for a supply of the plant. In confinement the larvte will also eat oleander, but did not occur on this plant in nature. Mrs. Slosson informs me that she has found the larvcX on Canavalia obtusa.
Habitat. — This species reaches us from Brazil, being found also in Central America and the West Indies. It is abundant in Key West, as I learn from Mr. Brownell, and its northernmost record is on the strip of land between Indian River and the sea. Eggs, larvae in all stages and moths were found at the same time, and the species doubtless breeds continuously.
THE LARVA OF SYNTOMEIDA EPILAIS Walk. By Harrison G. Dyar.
This larva was met with on the oleander at Palm Beach, Florida, in January, 1S90, and again in the same place in 1896. Its life history will be found described in the second volume of "Insect Life," page 360, and the object of the present note is to call attention to the figure on the plate (Plate III, fig. 10).
The hair tufting of this larva is decidedly unusual. All the hair tufts are gathered into slender pencils, not spreading tufts as usual, so that here the body is entirely exposed to view. Some of these hair pencils are long, others very short and warts iv and v are much re- duced, nearly obsolete.
June, 1896] Beutenmuller: Food-Habits of CeRAMBYCID/E. 73
EXPLANATION OF PLATE II L
Egg of Coinposia fidelissima enlarged X 20.
Larva, stage I X 18.
Mature larva, natural size.
Front view of the head X ^O) showing the setre.
Pupa, slightly enlarged.
A group of scales from the body of the pupa X 40-
Some of the hooks of the cremaster X IP-
One of the head hooks X 40-
Genealogical tree of the Lepidopterous superfamily Noctuina, showing the probable origin of the North American families from a Tineid stock. The European Lemoniid?e are included as a connecting link. The narrow cross bars indicate points at which cubitus became 4-branched on the fore wings ; the broad shaded bars, points at which the larva- tubercles became warts.
Mature larva of Syntoi/ieida epilais, natural size.
|
^•g- I |
|
" 2 |
|
" 3 |
|
" 4 |
|
" 5 6 |
|
" 7 " S |
FOOD-HABITS OF NORTH AMERICAN CERAMBYCIDiE.
By William Beutenmuller.
In the American Entomologist, Vol. Ill, 1880, pp. 237 and 270, the late Dr. C. V. Riley published a paper on the food-habits of the long-horn beetles or wood-borers. Since then considerable has been added to our knowledge on the food-habits of this family of beetles. It has therefore been deemed advisable to republish Dr. Riley's paper with such additions which have been made. For personal credit the reader is referred to Dr. Riley's paper and Packard's Fifth Report U. S. Ento- mological Commission. We are also indebted to Mr. L. H. Joutel for many notes incorporated in the present paper and which have not been published elsewhere.
Ergates spiculatus Lee. — This western species is recorded as living in the roots of coniferous trees, especially pine.
Mallodon dasystomus Say. — Bores in the wood of oak, hack- berry {Celtis) and pecan hickory, and undoubtedly other species of hickory.
Mallodon melanopus Lin/i. — Lives in box elder (^Negiuido aceroides), oak and hackberry (^Celtis').
74 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. iv.
Mallodon serrulatus Lee. — Breeds in hackberry {Ce/tis), and probably also oak.
Orthosoma brunneum Foist. — Bores in decaying pine, hem- lock and probably other coniferous trees, also in hickory, walnut, oak and chestnut.
Prionus laticollis Drury. — Lives in the trunks and roots of lin- den poplar, oak, chestnut, apple, pine and grapevine.
Prionus californicus Mots. — Breeds in decaying stumps and roots of live-oak.
Prionus pocularis Dalm. — Infests the roots and stumps of pine.
Prionus imbricornis Linn. — Lives in roots of grapevine, pear trees and herbaceous plants.
Homoassthesis emarginatus Say. — Is supposed to live in trunk and roots of pine.
Tragosoma harrisii Lee. — Breeds in stumps of decaying pine trees.
Asemum moestum LLald. — Lives under and in the bark of oak, pine, spruce and other conifers and also in roots of grapevine.
Asemum atrum Eseh. — Bores in the trunk of pine trees.
Criocephalus nubilus Lee. — Lives in the roots of pine, as does C. agrestis Kby., and probably also the other species of the genus.
Smodicum cucujiforme Say. — Breeds under bark of oak, hack- berry and beech.
Physocnemum brevilineum Say. — Lives in dry wood of elm trees.
Hylotrupes bajulus Linn. — Inhabits fir, spruce, pine, hemlock and other coniferous trees.
Hylotrupes li gntusFab. — Bores under the bark of cedar {^Jnni- perus").
Phymatodes variabilis Fabr. — Lives under bark and in the l)ranches of oak and hickory.
Phymatodes varius Fabr. — This species like P. variabilis, also lives in oak and hickory.
Phymatodes amoenus Say. — Bores in dead wood of grapevine. Phymatodes obscurus Lee. — Has been bred from branches of live-oak in California.
June, 1896.J Beutenmuller : Food-Habits of Cerambycid.'e. 75
Callidium antennatum N'eium. — Breeds under the bark of pine and cedar (^Jiiniperus)^ making tortuous galleries.
Callidium janthinum Lee. — Lives under bark of pine.
Callidium a^reum N'e^um. — Has been bred from chestnut logs.
Oeme gracilis Lee. — Lives in dead wood of oak {Qiierciis agri- /olia) in California.
Dryobius sexfasciatus Say. — Lives in oak and beech, under the bark.
Gracilia minuta Fabr. — Breeds in the wood of the sweet birch {Beiiila leiita). Raised from oak twigs by Mr. Joutel.
Chion cinctus Dniry. — Bores in the trunk of hickory.
Eburia 4=geminata Say. — Lives in the trunk of honey-locust, hickory and probably also in ash.
Romaleum atomarium Dr. — Bores in the twigs of oak, hack- berry (^Celiis), and in the dry leaf stems of palmetto.
Elaphidion inerme Newm. — Bores in the twigs of oak and orange.
Elaphidion mucronatum Fabr. — Bores in twigs of oak, hack- berry, palmetto and grapevine.
Elaphidion parallelum Nezvm. — Breeds in twigs of oak, hickory plum, apple and grape.
Elaphidion villosum Fabr. — Lives in the twigs of oak, hickory, beech, chestnut, birch, sumac, plum, apple and grapevine.
Elaphidion irroratum Fabr. — Bores in the trunk of black man- grove in Florida.
Tylonotus bimaculatus Ha/d. — Found under bark of tulip tree, also lives in ash and dead hickory.
Heterachthes 4-maculatus Newm. — Breeds in branches of hickory.
Phyton pallidium ^'^n'.— Lives in branches of hickory.
Megobrium edvvardsii Lee. — Lives in wood of live-oak in ■California.
Molorchus bimaculatus Fabr. — Has been bred from hickory branches, also bores in maple twigs.
Callichroma splendidum Lee. — Breeds in wood of gum-elastic tree in Texas.
76 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. iv.
Megaderus bifasciatus Dup. — Has been taken from cedar timber in Texas.
Tragidion coquus Linn. — Bores in oak.
Tragidion armatum Lee. — Breeds in the flower stalks of Yucca angustifoUa (Townsend ) .
Purpuricenus humeralis Fabr. — Lives in oak stumps.
Schizax senax Lee. — Lives in dead wood of apricot.
Stenophenus notatus Oliv. — Breeds in dead hickory limbs.
Cyllene antennatus White. — Lives in the wood of mesquite in Arizona.
Cyllene picta Drury. — Bores in the solid wood under the bark of hickory., walnut, butternut and occasionally in the honey-locust {^Gleditschid).
Cyllene robinie Forst. — Very destructive to the trunks of locust.
Cyllene crinicornis Chev. — Has been taken in Texas on syca- more {Flatanus), in the wood of which the species probably breeds,
Plagionotus speciosus Say. — Lives in the solid wood of sugar maple.
Calioides nobilis Say. — Breeds in chestnut and oak trees; also beaten from hickory by Mr. Joutel.
Arhopalus fulminans Fabr. — Bores in the sap wood of chestnut and oak.
Xylotrechus annosus Say. — Breed in the wood of willow.
Xylotrechus convergens Lee. — Has been bred from a branch of a species of thorn (Cralcegus).
Xylotrechus colonus Fabr. — Bores under bark of maple, oak and hickory.
Xylotrechus nauticus Mann. — Has been bred from dead branches of live-oak in California, also from Eucalyptus.
Xylotrechus undulatus Say. — Beaten from spruce (.4/; /W) in the wood of which the species probably breeds.
Neoclytus ery throcephalus Fabr. — Breeds in trunkand branches of hickory, ash, elm, oak, chestnut and pine, also beaten from locust.
Neoclytus muricatulus Kby. — Breeds in the trunk and branches- of pine.
June, iSg'^.] BeUTENMULLER : FoOD-HaBITS of CERAMr.YCID^E. 77
Neoclytus luscus Lee. — Breeds in hickory limbs and probably also in the trunk of the tree.
Neoclytus capraea Say. — Bores in ash, elm and hickory, limbs and trunks.
Clytanthus albofasciatus Lap. — Lives in the limbs of hickory and in the wood of the grapevine. C. ruricola also breeds in hickory. Microclytus gazellula Hald. — Bores in the branches of oak. Cyrtophorus verrucosus Oliv. — Lives in the wood of wild red cherry and quince ; has also been beaten from hickory.
Tillomorpha geminata Hald. — Has been bred from branches of hickory.
Euderces pini Oliv. — Occurs on pine trees.
Euderces picipes Fabr. — Has been raised from hickory and chestnut branches.
Zagymnus clerinus Lee Bores in the dry leaf stems of pal- metto in Florida.
Atimia confusa Say. — Occurs on pine tree. Distenia undata Oliv. — Bores in the wood of chestnut and horn- beam ( Carpinus').
Desmocerus palliatus Forst. — Lives in the lower parts of the stems of elder. D. anripennis, also lives in the same plant.
Rhagium lineatum Oliv. — Lives under the bark of pine and spruce.
Anthophilax mirificus Bland. — Has been found under the bark of spruce (^Abies inenziesii').
Qaurotes cyanipennis Say. — Has been found ovipositing on butternut and oak.
Bellamira scalaris Say. — The beede and pupa of this species have been taken under bark of the yellow birch {Betula luiea), also found ovipositing on maple.
Typocerus zebratus Fabr. — This species mines the oak. Leptura zebra C/Zz/. —Inhabits the oak, chestnut and pine. Leptura vagans Oliv. — Lives in wood of yellow birch {Betula lutea').
Leptura emarginata Fabr. — Has been found ovipositing in limbs of white oak by Mr. Joutel.
78 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. iv.
Leptura abdominalis Hixld. — Lives in the wood of red cedar {^Juniperus).
Leptura canadensis Fahr. — Breeds in the trunk of hemlock ( Tstii^a Canadensis).
Ipochus fasciatus Lee. — Lives in the wood of sumac {Rhus integrifolia and iaurina). I. piibeseens Casey, has similar habits.
Monilema. — The species of this genus are said to feed on various species of prickly pear, and the larvK probably live in the wood and roots of these plants.
Cyrtinus pygmseus Hald. — Has been bred from locust (^Ro- binia pseudacaeia'), also beaten from hickory.
Psenocerus supernotatus Say. — Lives in the wood of dog-, wood {Camus'), apple, and in the stems of the currant.
Monohammus. — The larvce of this genus bore in the solid wood and in large branches of pine, fir {Abies), and probably other coniferous trees.
Dorcaschema nigrum Say. — Breeds in dead limbs of hickory.
Dorcaschema alternatum Say. — Found in mulberry and osage orange. D. wildii is also found on these trees, and their larvje probably live in the roots or trunks.
Hetoemis cinerea Oliv. — Has been taken on mulberry {Morus rubra), and probably lives in the wood of this tree.
Cacoplia pullata Hald. — Beaten from oak by Mr. Joutel.
Goes tigrina De G. — Bores in the solid wood of hickory, oak and walnut, but seems to prefer white oak.
Goes pulchra Hald. — Bores in various species of hickory.
Goes pulverulenta Hald. — Breeds in the branches of beech {Fagus ferrugineus) and hornbeam {Carpinus).
Goes oculata Lee. — Found on hickory also G. debilis, which also breeds in oak branches.
, Goes tessellata Hald. — Breeds in oak.
Plectodera scalator Fabr. — Bores in the roots of cottonwood {Populus) and willow.
Acanthoderes 4=gibbus Say. — Breeds in the twigs of hickory, oak, beech and hackberry {Celtis).
Acanthoderes decipiens Hald. — Bores in twigs of hickory.
Acanthoderes morrisii Uhler. — Lives in tv/igs of the tulip-tree.
June, 1S96.] BeuteNiMUller : Food-Habits of CeRAMBYCID/E. T^
Leptostylus aculiferus Say. — Breeds under bark of sweet-gum (^Liquidambai-^, oak and apple ; also reported as boring in osage orange.
Leptostylus biustus Lee. — Lives in dead branches of orange in Florida. Breeds in hickory twigs (Joutel).
Leptostylus commixtus HaU, — Breeds in the wood of locust.
Leptostylus macula Say. — Lives in the twigs and under bark of chestnut, oak, hickory, walnut, apple and butternut.
Liopus variegatus Hald. — Has been bred from dead chestnut branches.
Liopus fascicularis Harr. — Bores in dead wood of prickly-ash {Xanthoxylus^ and locust.
Liopus cinereus Lee. — Has been bred from twigs of locust and hickory,
Liopus crassulus Lee. — Bores in dead twigs of hackberry {^Cel- tis) in Texas.
Liopus alpha Say. — Breeds in the twigs of sumac (^Rhns glabra') and apple.
Dectes spinosus Say. — Has been bred from the stems of the great ragweed {Ambrosia trifida').
Lepturges querci Fiteh. — Breeds in the twigs of hickory, also beaten from oak.
Lepturgus fascetus Say. — Bred from apple branches by Mr. Joutel.
Lepturges symmetricus LLald. — Bred from chestnut branches by Mr. Joutel.
liyperplatys aspersus Say. —Lives in dry twigs of poplar (cot- tonwood), hickory and has also been beaten from chestnut.
Hyperplatys maculatus LLald. — Lives in dead parts of the orange in Florida ; also breeds in dry twigs of apple, hickory and poplar.
Urographis fasciatus De G. — Lives under the bark of oak, maple and hickory ; bred from apple and pear by Mr. Joutel ; also beaten from limbs of chestnut.
Urographis triangularis LLald. — Bores under the bark of hack- berry {Celtis).
Acanthocinus nodosus Fabr. and A. obsoletus Oliv. — The larvje of both these species live under the bark of pine. The latter species also breeds in hickory.
80 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. iv.
Hoplosia nubila Lee'. — Larva bores in dry beech and basswood twigs.
Pogonocherus mixtus Hald. — Bores in the branches of willow.
Ecyrus dasycerus Say. — Larva bores in the twigs of hickory and locust.
Eupogonius vestitus Say. — Bred from hickory and beaten from chestnut.
Eupogonius tomentosus Hald. — Larva mines the branches of the pine.
Oncideres cingulata Say. — Lives in the twigs of hickory, per- simmon, oak, cherry, apple, pear, orange, and said to also affect other trees.
Oncideres putator Thorn. — Larva lives in the twigs of the mes- quite in Arizona.
Ataxia crypta Say. — Bores in dry cotton stalks, and in dry twigs of hackberry {Ceiiis^, box elder (^Negundo aceroides), and oak.
Hippopsis lemniscata Fabr. — The full grown insect and larva has been found in the stalk oi Ambrosia.
Saperda obliqua Say. — Bores in the trunk of the common alder.
Saperda calcarata Say. — Bores in the solid wood in the trunk of poplar and also said to live in linden.
Saperda Candida Fabr. — Lives in the trunks of apple, pear, plum, quince, cherry, thorn, mountain-ash, and june-berry (^Amelan- chier).
Saperda fayi Bland. — Breeds in the branches of thorn {Cra- tcegus. )
Saperda vestita Ollv. — Lives in the large branches and under bark of linden.
Saperda discoidea Fabr. — Breeds under the bark of hickory.
Saperda tridentata Oliv. — Larva lives under the bark of elm.
Saperda lateralis Fabr. — Lives under the bark of hickory.
Saperda moesta Lee. — Lives in the smaller branches of poplar and willow.
Saperda concolor Lee. — Bores in young shoots of poplar and willow.
June, 1896.] GROTE : Ox DISTRIBUTION AND MlMICRV OF ApATELA. 81
Saperda puncticollis Say. — Breeds in poison-ivy {Rhus toxi- codendron).
Mecas inornata Say. — Bores in the roots and lower part of the stems of HeleniiiDi tenuifolium, also recorded as living in the shoots of willow and poplar.
Oberea bimaculata 6>//^^— Burrows in the stems of blackberry and raspberry.
Oberea schaumii Lee. — Larva bores in the twigs of cottonwood (poplar).
Oberea mandarina Fahr.—^oxt% in the twigs of poplar.
Oberea quadricallosa Z^^.— Lives in the stems of willow.
Tetraopes tetraophthalmus Forst.—i:\\& larva bores in the roots and lower parts of the stem of milkweed (^Asclepias). The larvae of the other species of the genus probably also live in a similar manner.
Dysphaga tenuipes ZTa/./. —Breeds in dead limbs of hickory.
NOTE ON GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION AND MIMICRY OF APATELA.
By A. Radcliffe Grote, A. ]M.
The majority of the species of Apatela occur in North America, where their range is extraordinarily extended, since they are found from Hudson's Bay territory in the north to the tropical regions in Mexico; they appear to be absent from the West Indies. From North America, north of Mexico, sixty species are described, the European fauna has a total of fifteen (consult Grote, Die Verwandtschaft zwischen der Noc- tinden-Fauna von Nordamerika und Europa, Gerhandl. Gesell. Deutsch. Naturf. und Aerzte, Bremen, 1890). A surprising number of species have been collected in Bastrop Co. , Texas, by Belfrage \ from this State twelve species are recorded. From California only four species are cer- tainly known, perdita, spinea, iipini, felina ; the last is, according to Dr. Dyar, an Acronycta, the second and third I have referred to a dis- tinct subgenus, Merolonche, but, after seeing the European menyonthidis , it appears possible to me that spinea is congeneric or, at least, related. The bulk of the species are found over the temperate regions of the South American Continent, from Lower Canada to the Gulf; from New
82 Journal New York Entomological Society. [voi. iv.
England to Colorado. According to the classification of the larvae, five subgroups are common to Europe and North America. Strictly " re- presentative '' species, true species of replacement, seem to be only alni and funeralis, eiiphorhicE and sperata, auriconia and impressa, leporina and vulpina, while, although the moths are very near, the larvae of psi (or tridens) differ rather decidedly from occidentalis, so that psi tridens and occidentalis appear rather as parallel species. The species referred to Hybona and Tricena are very numerous in North America, the larvje being more or less easily distinguishable, while the moths differ chiefly in their relative proportions, the psi pattern being re- peated in morula, occidentalis, iiasia, fiircifera, betiihx, grisea, tritona, qnadrata, lobelice, radcliffei. Peculiarly European groups are offered by those named by me Apatela, Cuspidia, peculiarly xAmerican are Megacronycta, Pliilorgyia, Tricholonche and Lepitoreiima. Taking all the groups in the synopsis as distinct, we have eight American, three European and five common to both faunae, from larval characters alone. Although in North America the genus Apatela offers peculiar out- growths, so to speak, its affinity with the European is decided. We may therefore regard it as one of the survivors of a former holoarctic or circumpolar fauna, which would have been forced southwards, both in America and Asia, by the advent of the Glacial epoch. Traces of this European affinity are found in the moths of Japan, and has then the same origin. To the same shifting of the faunal extension, the sunder- ing of species once occupying an extended territory, through climato- logical changes, we must ascribe the fact that the genus Oreta is found in Japan and North America. If my suspicion that the California spinea and the European meiiyauthidis are related is verified, it would be another link in the chain of facts which go to show that the Rocky Mountains have proven a barrier to the extension of certain types to the eastward. Conversely the Citheroniidte occur only in the East. We find in California a true Sati/rnia and true or typical Hypena, to- gether with Arctian and other types having a strong European facies. It seems natural to suppose that these have taken a west coast direction in the glacial movement to the south, and there now maintain them- selves. The occurrence in Maine and Canada, north of the Great Lakes, of species of Pyrausta and Agrotis, which we know from British Columbia or northern parts of California, may be explained not only on the general principle of a southward migration over the whole terri- tory, but possibly by the fact that inter-communication between the West and East meets to the northward in certain places less difficult
June, 1S96.] GrOTE : On DISTRIBUTION AND MlMICRY OF APATELA. S3
barriers. There is also the dependency upon food plants and geog- nostical conditions to be considered. At any rate, the central Cali- fornia fauna must be studied from the point of view that it is isolated upon a comparatively narrow strip of land as compared with the fauna east of the main range. And this view must be taken of the fauna of the West Coast, boili in North and South America, wedged in as it is between the sea and the mountainous backbone of the New World.
The very near relation between the moths of psi, frtdens and ocd- deiitalis, while the larvae are so strikingly different, recalls the case of Datana and Phalera, though here the larval characters are decidedly stronger and even structural. We may assume that here the tendency to split into distinct larval forms was early developed, and that it ex- emplifies the fact that specific characters in Apaiela are best, perhaps first, expressed in the younger stages. The two European species seem altogether nearer, and lead to the impression that they have a more im- mediate connection, while the American probably left the common an- cestor at the close of the Tertiary.
In 1894, Dr. Harrison G. Dyar discussed the appearance of the larvre of Apatela, and his remarks are in part applicable to the Euro- pean forms. The diversity is mainly ascribed to a "mimicry of all sorts of objects, from that of resemblance to the foliage {grisea, tritona), to warning colors {ohliniid) and mimicry of special objects, such as spider's nest {yulpina) or of some other specially defended larva ( r ad- cliff ei w\\m\c% Datana, or liiteicovm, which probably mimics Orgyia)y Previously, in 1S93, Dr. Chapman had discussed the mimicry of the larvffi as follows: "The protection which the full grown larvae have from their enemies, owing to their special form and coloring, is a mat- ter that in its details, has very largely eluded me ; I have, in fact, seen very few Ciispidia in the wild state. Psi and tridens are usually con- spicuous ; strigosa no doubt closely assimilates to a hawthorn leaf with a bit of brown dead leaf or twig. My observations on kporina were made and repeated a good many times on the green white-haired form occurring on alder ; this larva sits somewhat curled round, near the middle of the underside of a leaf. Looking down from above it is ab- solutely hidden, looking up from beneath it ought to be very evident, but this is far from being the case. I have several times missed a larva till I have looked three or four times, and have also fancied I saw a larva when none was there. In looking up from below through the foliage of an alder tree, most of the lower leaves are in the shade of the upper ones, but here and there a gleam of light falls through on to a
84 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. iv
portion of a leaf, and gives it quite a different tone and appearance, as seen from beneath. A larva of leporina seated beneath an unillumi- nated leaf, precisely resembles one of these patches." It is the Ameri- can representative of leporiua, my vnlpina, which Dyar fancies bear?, in its position on the leaf, a resemblance to a spider's web. I have at one time fancied that the larva of alni and finiaralis, had deterrent colors, but conclude that it is a case of mimicry. The black body re- sembles a wet twig, the creamy dorsal patches mould, while the spatu- late hairs are like the filaments of club mosses. The somewhat slow and stealthy movement which I have noticed in this to me repulsive larva, adds to the deceptive likeness to these inanimate objects so com- mon in the woods. The young larva of abii, resting in a curled posi- tion on the leaf above, seems to imitate in its colors bird excrement. With regard to the mimicry of caterpillars we must remember that larvae are exposed to the attacks both of vertebrates and invertebrates. Birds prey upon them, and they have every reason to fear the attacks of insect parasites. The law of vision may thus be assumed to be the same for the vertebrate as for the insect eye. Both the bird and the wasp must be deceived by the appearance of ^//«' and oi funeralis, and pass them over, if the mimicry is to be effective. It may be argued, from the unity in the manifestation of mimicry, no general indications being apparently offered, of mimicry working in two directions to meet different visual conditions in its enemies, that it succeeds both with the bird and the wasp in a percentage of instances. The original percentage, like the original variation was small, but sufficient to establish the original di- rection, and, once established, it is evidently worked out by heredity to the condition in which we now find it. To be effective with the wasp, as with the bird, the mimicry of alni must nroduce a similar effect upon the retina of both ; in this case not only the form, but the color, must be seen, both together suggesting to the brain of bird and insect not the real, but a different, and, to them, indifferent object. The immunity is probably only the result of cursory examination, but even this is suffi- cient to justify the variation. So far as the larval groups in Apatela are established, they partly show a special direction in the means to secure immunity from their enemies. Thus the more typical forms of the sub- genus Hyboma resemble foliage, while several species belonging to the genus Pharetra seem deterrent. The general neutral gray tint of the moths has been commented upon by authors as adapted to conceal them from observation in their usual resting places, in the crevices of the bark and against the trunks of trees. The moths which choose such resting
June, 1S96.] GrOTE : NoTE ON AgRONOMA AND LaSPEVRIA. 85
places in the daytime have generally gray or blackish, protectively col- ored primaries, of such neutral tints as to deceive the eye in passing rap- idly over an extended surface. But in Apatela the direction of the mimicry, the object copied, differs in the larva and moth of the same species. The independent direction of the larval efforts in this respect is important evidence in sustaining the view that in metamorphosis the stages acquire characters useless to the succeeding, and that here the larva oi Apatela has attained an independent perfection as regards ulti- mate peculiarities of adaptive structure applicable only to the conditions of its own particular stage.
CORRECTION OF THE TYPE OF AGRONOMA AND NOTE ON LASPEYRIA.
By A. Radcliffe Grote, A. M.
It has been recently stated by Mr. John B. Smith that the type of Agronoma, given by me in the Bremen List, May, 1895, p. 23, viz: vesiigia/is, does not correspond in structure with jaculifera, the type of Feliia, inasmuch as the front is not roughened or tuberculate and the front pair of tibite are not heavily armed. Still my reference of Feltia to Agronoma will hold. The material examined by me in Bremen in 1893-4, when writing the list, is no longer accessible to me and I am not sure what species I examined. But Hiibner's genus Agronoma con- tains, beside vesfigia/i's, both crassa and exclamationis. I have ex- amined here, in the Roemer Museum, specimen of crassa. The fore tibiae are heavily armed, the front is roughened or tuberculate, the male antennje are pectinate. It is therefore a Feltia. Inasmuch as vestigi- alis is referred as belonging to Agrotis in a restricted sense, and as congeneric with the type segetum, as established by me and adopted by me in the "Revision," it follows that the type of Agronoma must be changed and crassa, the first species cited, is then the type. Hiibner establishes Agronoma for species having the general aspect o^ Jaculifera ; the claviform is usually suffused with a darker color. Proba- bly the European species exclamationis, corticea, obesa, graslini and fatidica belong to Agronoma and share the structure of crassa. The name of our common North American species will then remain, as claimed by me in the list : Agrotis (^Agronoma') jaculifera Gn. Those using my Bremen List will please make the correction and I am much
86 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Vol iv.
obliged to Mr. Smith for this opportunity of showing its necessity. As soon as possible I hope to bring the European and American species into more complete accord. Up to the present I have had insufficient ma- terial and opportunity.
I have lately had the opportunity of examining the Sectio I of Ger- mar's Prodromus, i8i i. In this the author establishes the genus Las- peyria for flexjila. Duponchel's genus Aventia, 1841, has been in general use for this species, but it must apparently now yield to Germar's earlier term. We would now have the species of Schrank's genus Drepana finally properly referred. To me, at least, this is a matter of satisfaction, as I have occupied myself with the group at various in- tervals since 1862. Of these genera Cilix, Flatypteryx ^.nd Laspcyria are confined to Europe, Drepana and Fakaria are common to Europe and North America, Oreta to Eastern Asia and North America. Las- peyria must be removed from the family Platypterygidae and referred to the Agrotidse, subfamily Hypeninas.
NOTE ON ENyEMIA CRASSINERVELLA Zcll (MIEZA IGNINIX Walk.').
By Annie Trumbull Slosson.
Walking one day in February along the shore at Punta Gorda, Florida, I saw a small larva upon my sleeve. It seemed to have spun •down by a thread, and, looking up, I saw many similar larvse suspended from leaves and branches of a shrub. This shrub was one quite com- mon along the west coast. It has sharp and stout thorns and small, rather coriaceous leaves of dark green. I have never seen it in flower or fruit, and do not know its name.
I carried home some of the larvae with the food plant. From their general appearance I thought them Limacodids. They fed well in con- finement, throve and grew. At the end of a week or two, as I was leav- ing Punta Gorda, and feared I might not be able to procure proper food on the east coast, I liberated many of my captives, and, believing in the survival of the fittest, retained only the largest and healthiest. The lim- ited supply of food proved sufficient, and I brought several larvae to maturity. Soon after I reached Palm Beach these spun curious little cocoons, very Limacodid-like in appearance, and of the same tough
June, iSgo.] DvAR : Larva OF AN.t:MiA Crassinervella. 87
parchment texture. In the meantime I had sent to Dr. H. G. Dyar some of the larvee for examination and identification. He wrote me that they were evidently highly specialized Tineids and of much inter- est, and expressed his hope that I would raise the moth. In a little less than four weeks from the time the cocoons were made the moths ap- peared. I at once recognized them as Mieza ignbiix Walk., the Eim- viia crassinervella of Smith's check-list. This dainty little creature, with primaries of silvery white, striped and dotted with black and sec- ondaries of vivid rose color, is not uncommon at Punta Gorda, and I had taken it several times this season resting on leaves near the spot where I found the larvae. Dr. Dyar will publish a full description of the larva, with notes.
A DESCRIPTION OF THE -LARVA FOUND BY MRS. SLOSSON. By H.A.RRISON G. Dyar, Ph. D.
Considerable interest attaches to Mrs. Slosson's discovery of the larva of Encemia crassinervella, since in it we find an exposed feeding Tineid. These are always of interest, for as soon as the Tineids aban- don their concealed mode of life numerous specializations occur, and usually in the direction of some higher family of the group — the super- family Tineides. I was able recently to describe a Tineid (^Butalis basilar is Zell), which had assumed many characters of the Pterophoridae, and now I shall describe the present species with strong tendencies toward the Eucleidce, yet without losing its essential Tineid characters.
Larva. — Flattened, thick, head partially retractile, but large, joint 12 slightly enlarged dorsally ; shape of Harrisina, but more flex- ible, suggesting the Eucleidce by the soft, subventral region ; feet very soft, short, of the normal number. Setae single, except a few irregularly distributed secondary setce, or rather reduplications cf the primary ones, short, stiff, glandular tipped. Setee i and ii approximate, in line trans- versely, a secondary seta adjacent to i or ii or both, irregular in posi- tion. Seta iii single ; iv and v approximate, yet by no means consoli- dated ; iv a little above v, with or without a secondary seta below and behind it ; vi double ; two setae on the